FGT Flashcards
Means “disordered growth”
Dysplasia
Characterized by a constellation of changes that include a loss in the uniformity of the individual cells as well as a loss in their architectural orientation
Dysplasia
Dysplastic change that involve the full thickness of the epithelium, but the lesion does not penetrate the basement membrane
Carcinoma in situ
Accounts for 60% of cases of carcinoma in situ
Human Papilloma virus 16
Accounts for 10% of cases of carcinoma in situ
HPV 18
HPV infects?
Immature basal cells or immature metaplastic squamous cells
Prevents cell cycle arrest in carcinoma in situ, cervix
HPV E6 and E7 protein
The most common histologic subtype, accounting for approx 80% of cases
Squamous cell carcinoma, cervix
Risk factor of SCCA, cervix
HPV infection
The most common invasive cancer of the FGT
Endometrial carcinoma
What patters does endometrioid adenocarcinomas demonstrate?
Glandular growth patterns
Histologic grade of endometrioid adenocarcinomas
1. Grade 1
2. Grade 2
3. Grade 3
- Well differentiated - composed almost entirely of well formed glands
- Moderately differentiated - shows well - formed glands, composed of solid sheets of cells, make up 50% or less of the tumor
- Poorly differentiated - greater than 50% solid growth patterns
Benign smooth muscle neoplasms that may occur singly, but more often are multiple
Leiomyoma
Where can leiomyoma occur?
Within the myometrium (intramural)
Beneath the endometrium (submucosal)
Beneath the serosa (subserosal)
are sharply circumscribed, discrete, round, firm, gray-white tumors varying in size from small, barely visible nodules to massive tumors that fill the pelvis
Leiomyomas
Uncommon malignant neoplasm that arise from the myometrium or endometrial stromal precursor rather than leiomyoma
Leiomyosarcoma
Peak age of leiomyosarcoma and where can it occur?
Peak age: 40-60yo
Occur: before and after menopause
Metastasis of leiomyosarcoma
Hematogenous
Distinction between leiomyoma and leiomyosarcoma
Nuclear atypia
Mitotic index (10 or more per 10 high power field)
Zonal necrosis
Fallopian tube inflammations
Suppurative salpingitis and tuberculous salpingitis
Kinds of fallopian tube cysts
Paratubal cysts and hydatids of morgagni
Smaller fallopian tube cyst
Paratubal cysts
Larger fallopian tube cyst
Hydatids of morgagni
Difference in cystic follicles and follicular cysts
Size
Size of cystic follicle
2mm with fluid
Size of follicular cyst
More than 2mm in size
Central morphologic abnormality of PCOS
Numerous cystic follicles or follicle cyst
Ovarian tumors that ( -80%) occur mostly in young women between 2- and 45 years of age
Benign tumors
Ovarian tumors - ( tumors of indeterminate malignancy) occur at slightly older ages
Borderline tumors
Ovarian tumors that are more common in women between 45 and 65 years of age
Malignant tumors
Most primary ovarian neoplasms arise from
Mullerian epithelium
3 histologic types of epithelial differentiation
Serous
Mucinous
Endometrioid
WHO classifications of ovarian neoplasms benign:
malignant:
Benign
- cystadenoma
- cystadenofibroma
- adenofibroma
Malignant
- cystadenocarcinoma
- adenocarcinoma
Most common malignant ovarian tumor
Serous tumor
Percentage of serous tumor if either benign or malignant
70% are benign/borderline
30% are malignant
Risk factor or serous tumor
BRCA1 and 2 mutations
Multi cystic lesion in which papillary epithelium is contained within fibrous walled cysts
Mass projecting from the ovarian surface
Serous tumor
Other name for “medusa head” configuration
Micro papillary pattern
Middle adult life and are rare before puberty and after menopause
Vast majority are benign or borderline tumors
Primary ovarian mucinous carcinomas: uncommon
Mucinous tumors
3 categories of teratoma
Mature teratoma
Immature teratoma
Monodermal teratoma
Mature (benign) teratomas are often referred to as?
Dermoid cyst
Component tissue resemble embryonal and immature fetal tissue
Immature malignant teratoma
2 Metastatic tumor of the ovary
Mullerian origin
Extra-mullerian origin
Metastatic tumor of the ovary
Uterus,fallopian tube, contralateral ovary, or pelvic peritoneum
Mullerian origin
Metastatic tumors of the ovary
Carcinomas of the breast and GIT
Pseudomyxoma peritonei
Extra-mullerian
Metastatic tumor of the ovary has what kind of appearance?
“Signet-ring” appearance
Most common site of ectopic pregnancy
Extrauterine fallopian tube
Abnormalities of placental implantation
Accreta
Increta
Percreta
Gestational throphoblastic disorder that has 2.5% risk of choriocarcinoma
Complete mole
Gestational throphoblastic disorder that has no rish for choriocarcinoma
Partial mole
A malignant neoplasm of trophoblastic cells derived from a previously normal or abnormal pregnancy
Gestational choriocarcinoma
