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2024 VPATH > NEOPLASIA > Flashcards

NEOPLASIA Flashcards

1
Q

occurs when a group of cells becomes free of normal growth control mechanisms, grows without regard for the normal structural
and functional aspects of a tissue or an organ and excessive growth becomes
autonomous

A

Neoplasia

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2
Q

Neoplasia literally means “____”, and this tissue growth is
called ____

A

new growth
neoplasm

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3
Q

is an abnormal mass of tissue,
the growth of which exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of normal
tissues, and persists in the same excessive manner even after stoppage of the
stimulus that evoked the change

A

Neoplasm or a TUMOR

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4
Q

The key features of neoplasia that
distinguishes it from other forms of cell proliferation include the following:

A

1) Excessive tissue growth
2) Lack of responsiveness to normal control mechanisms
3) Lack of dependence on the continued presence of the stimulus

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5
Q
  • means tissue swelling or mass, but by common usage has come
    to mean neoplasm.
A

TUMOR

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6
Q

is a common term used to mean malignant neoplasm

A

CANCER

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7
Q

is the study of neoplasia, and this word is the basis of
oncogenesis and oncogenic, which relate to the induction of
neoplasia.

A

ONCOLOGY

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8
Q

The common term for a neoplasm is ________ and both of these tend to be used all-inclusively.

A

cancer, or tumor,

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9
Q

best considered as a parasitic abnormal mass of cells which grows more or less progressively unless excised or controlled by
therapeutic intervention” (by Robbins in 1927).

A

Neoplasm

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10
Q

A is an abnormal mass of tissue, the growth of which
exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of the normal tissues and persists in
the same excessive manner after cessation of the stimuli which evoked the
change (Willis 1976).

A

neoplasm or a tumor

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11
Q

occurs in response to loss of tissue, increased functional
demands, disturbed hormonal activity and immunologic stimulation (i.e.,
lymphoid hyperplasia following active vaccination).

A

Hyperplasia

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12
Q

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HYPERPLASIA AND NEOPLASIA

In summary, neoplasia is
uncoordinated proliferation of tissue,
independent of the structural and
functional patterns of normal tissue,
and is indefinitely progressive.

A
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13
Q

is fundamental and is of primary
importance and can be specified in most instances

A

Histogenetic - Histogenesis

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14
Q

is secondary and may
become arbitrary and subjective in interpretation

A

Behavioral (or the clinical course)- behavior

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15
Q

Histogenic – this is based on the tissue origin (Histogenic) as
1.
2.

A
  1. Mesenchymal
  2. Epithelial
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16
Q

Most are of one neoplastic cell type and fit into one or the other of these two
groups. A few types of neoplasm contain more than one neoplastic cell type. When they
are derived from one embryonic germ layer, they are called Mixed Neoplasm
(e.g.mammary tumors in dogs in which proliferating epithelial tissue is intermixed with
mesenchymal components, bone and cartilage)

A

Let’s break it down:

Definition

Neoplasms (tumors) are abnormal cell growths. Most tumors originate from a single cell type.

Two Main Groups

  1. Monophasic: Tumors composed of one cell type (e.g., carcinoma, lymphoma).
  2. Biphasic/Multiphasic: Tumors containing multiple cell types.

Mixed Neoplasms

Tumors with multiple cell types originating from the same embryonic germ layer (ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm) are called Mixed Neoplasms.

Characteristics

  1. Derived from one embryonic germ layer.
  2. Contain multiple neoplastic cell types (e.g., epithelial, mesenchymal).
  3. Examples:
    - Mammary tumors in dogs (epithelial + mesenchymal components).
    - Phyllodes tumors (breast).
    - Teratomas (germ cell tumors).

Embryonic Germ Layers

  1. Ectoderm (skin, nervous system).
  2. Endoderm (internal organs, glands).
  3. Mesoderm (connective tissue, bone, cartilage).

Examples of Mixed Neoplasms

  1. Mammary tumors (dogs): Epithelial + mesenchymal (bone, cartilage).
  2. Teratomas: Multiple tissues (hair, muscle, bone).
  3. Phyllodes tumors (breast): Epithelial + mesenchymal.
  4. Fibroadenoma (breast): Epithelial + mesenchymal.

Now, do you have a clearer understanding?

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17
Q

A few types of neoplasm contain more than one neoplastic cell type. When they
are derived from one embryonic germ layer, they are called

A

Mixed Neoplasm

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18
Q

is a neoplasm containing tissues derived from more than
one germ cell layer, and may contain any number of tissues of any type
including bone, skin, nervous tissue, muscle, hair and other.

A

TERATOMA

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19
Q

– this is another classificationthat is based on the growth
behavior of neoplastic cells.

A

Behavioral

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20
Q
  • describes those which are relatively inoffensive.
    -neoplasms that are confined,
    slow-growing and noninvasive
A

benign neoplasm

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21
Q

which are aggressive and potentially life threatening.
- tumors that are invasive, rapidly
growing and dangerous are called
malignant and carry the suffix sarcoma
if derived from mesenchymal tissue or
the suffix carcinoma if derived from
epithelial tissue.

A

malignant neoplasm -

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22
Q

“OMA” - a suffix that refers to a BENIGN TUMOR and is used for
neoplasms that are confined, slow growing and noninvasive. Benign tumors
of either mesenchymal or epithelial origin carry the suffix “OMA”

A
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23
Q

– a suffix used for malignant tumor of epithelial origin.

A

CARCINOMA

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24
Q

– a suffix for malignant tumor of mesenchymal origin.

A

SARCOMA

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25
Q

Different kinds of tumors develop from ________,_______ ,______ even though they normally are very close together.
Usually, a tumor is first classified as either epithelial or mesenchymal. Such
tumors are said to be poorly differentiated or anaplastic.

A

Sertoli cells, Leydig cells and seminiferous epithelium

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26
Q

Tumor usually occur on skin and may have a variety of forms from pedunculated to flat, smooth or villous.
e.g. warts or “kulugo” (this occur in many species)

A

Papilloma(s)-

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27
Q
  • tumor occur in glands.
    e.g.
    common in dogs as circumanal gland adenoma
    sebaceous gland adenoma and
    mammary gland adenoma
    thyroid gland adenoma
A

Adenomas

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28
Q

–a tumor smooth, spherical or membranous mass projecting on a
mucosal surface; may be broad-based or pedunculated.
e.g.
nasal polyp
rectal polyp

A

Polyp

29
Q

A common group of epithelial tumors found in dogs is the __________
– derived from the basal layer of the squamous epithelium.
e.g.
sweat gland adenoma
sebaceous gland adenoma
hair follicle tumor (trichoepithelioma)
or sometimes designated as basal cell tumors – _____________ or ________

A

basal cell group

sebaceous gland type or
ribbon-type (without using words of either adenoma or carcinoma)

30
Q

– this should carry the name of the tissue of origin, of
example, squamous cell carcinoma, transitional cell carcinoma, adrenal
cortical carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, pancreatic carcinoma,
intestinal carcinoma, renal carcinoma, mammary carcinoma and uterine
carcinoma.

A

Carcinoma

31
Q

.
are common in the skin of dogs

A

Hemangiomas

32
Q

__________– the proper term for malignant tumor of
lymphocytes.
It has been called various names, such as ______,___,_____

A

LYMPHOSARCOMA

leukemia, leukosis, lymphoma,
malignant lymphoma and lymphomatosis.

33
Q

______ – a clinical term for malignant cells circulating in the
blood stream.
- also means that there are abnormal malignant cells present
in the circulating blood, and it may occur in about half of the cases of
lymphosarcoma, but
this feature (of leukemia) is more consistent in myelogenous leukemia.

A

Leukemia

34
Q

– is the common descriptive term used for unusually or
greatly enlarged organ.

A

Abnormal mass

35
Q

– ulcerated lesion particularly on
body surfaces.

A

Persistent nonhealing ulcerating lesion

36
Q

Size is no indication of prognosis; a tiny tumor may be highly malignant
and a huge one may be benign. Benign tumors tend to be discrete masses

A
37
Q

– term that is used to describe a monotonous pattern
of masses of cells with similar appearance and very little apparent
stromal support, just cell after cell after cell.

A

Sheets of cells

38
Q

– these are characterized by cells forming or
attempting to form acinar units, as in a secretory gland like the
thyroid or mammary gland.

A

Acinar arrangements

39
Q

. are typical of endocrine tumors in which a clump or
nests of cells is surrounded by a narrowband of connective tissue
stroma.

A

Nests of cells

40
Q

occur when cells line up in a
picket fence-type arrangement along a strand of connective tissue,
such as in the testicular interstitial cell tumor.

A

Palisading or trabecular patterns

41
Q

occur when a single, double or finger-like
projection of tumor cells invade surrounding tissue. Examples are
basal cell tumors or anal gland tumors.

A

Tubular arrangements

42
Q

When there is little apparent stroma, stromal arrangements may be
described as:

A
  1. scant, as in sheets of cells
  2. locular, as in the case of nests
  3. scirrhous, the reaction when the stoma is very dense and
    perhaps even predominating over actual tumor cells.
43
Q

Terminologies for sarcomas:

A

1) Solid or loose arrangements
2) Whorls
3) Sheets
4) Localized around blood vessels
5) Spindly cells
6) Fleshy cells
7) Well or poorly-differentiated
8) Monotonous
9) Variable

44
Q

Growth
The pattern of growth influences the type and extent of vascular
supply, and these factors, combined with the rate of growth and opportunity
for trauma, influence the extent to which hemorrhage occurs in tumors. A delicate blood supply or one with large sinusoidal-type vessels
leads not only to hemorrhage but also to thrombosis and ischemic necrosis.
Necrosis is prominent in many tumors, particularly in the center of
a large mass, and the tissue becomes pale and soft.

A
45
Q

Four main mechanisms for the spread of tumors:

A
  1. by infiltration
  2. by spreading via blood vessels
  3. by spreading via the lymphatics
  4. by implantation
46
Q
  • this theory states that a tumor must find a “suitable soil” for its
    growth requirements before it will survive as a metastatic
    nodule.
A

The SOIL THEORY

47
Q

-this theory states that the tumor will grow wherever it lands, and
only mechanical factors and chance influence sites of metastases.

A

The MECHANICAL THEORY

48
Q

METHODS OF TUMOR DIAGNOSIS
Aasa

A

1) Histologic Examination
2) Immunocytochemical Examination
3) DNA Probe Analysis and DNA Flow Cytometry
4) TUMOR MARKER Detection

49
Q

METHODS OF TUMOR DIAGNOSIS
1) Histologic Examination – the most important method is by
BIOPSY METHOD –
a) fine needle aspiration
b) by exfoliative cytologic examination
2) Immunocytochemical Examination
a) by use of monoclonal antibody
b) by immunofluorescence method

A
50
Q

.
-abnormal antigen detected in blood of patient with neoplastic condition.
- produced by fetal hepatocytes but normally disappears late in fetal life.

A

Alpha fetal globulin – (or alphafeto globulin) detected in patients with
hepatocellular carcinoma or liver tumor/cancer

51
Q
  • widely used for cancer detection particularly
    in respiratory and gastrointestinal tumors.
    -normally made by intestinal epithelium in fetal life. Appear in adult life in
    events of tumor.
A

Carcinoembryonic antigen

52
Q

ETIOLOGY OR CAUSES OF TUMORS
The main etiological factors or CARCINOGENS:
1. IRRADIATION - induces mutation
- UV rays from sunlight; X and Gamma rays
- electromagnetic and ionizing radiation (i.e. nuclear radiation)
2. CHEMICAL - mutagenic effect
- polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (i.e.cigarette smoke)
- azo dyes (i.e., beta-naphthylamine, an aniline dye used in rubber industries)
- aromatic amines
-
alkylating agents such as cyclophosphamide and busulfan used in
cancer treatment.
- Aflatoxins from aspergilli
- hormones (i.e. estrogen) that induces endometrial cancer.
3. VIRAL
DNA viruses
- Hepatitis B virus
- Papillomaviruses
- adenovirus, herpes virus, papovavirus, and poxvirus
- Herpesvirus (which causes Marek’s disease in chickens, malignant lymphoid
neoplasms in guinea pigs, rabbits etc..

A
53
Q

All oncogenic RNA viruses belong to the

A

Retroviruses

54
Q

All oncogenic RNA viruses belong to the Retroviruses. Called as retrovirus
because it possesses an enzyme called__________________ This enzyme can form DNA using an RNA template.

A

reverse transcriptase or RNAdependent DNA polymerase.

55
Q

RNA genome contains three sets of genes:

A

1) gag, encoding viral coat proteins
; 2)pol, encoding the reverse transcriptase and
3) env, encoding envelop
glycoproteins.

56
Q

are genes whose products are associated with neoplastic
transformation

A

Oncogenes

57
Q

are normal cellular genes that affect growth
and differentiation.

A

Proto-oncogenes (Proto-oncs)

58
Q

roto-oncs can be converted to into oncogenes by:

A

(1)transduction into retroviruses (v-oncs)
(2) changes in situ that affect their expression and/or
function,thereby converting them into c-oncs

59
Q

v-oncs –
c-oncs –

A

viral oncogenes
cellular oncogenes

60
Q

TREATMENT OF TUMORS

A
  1. by surgery
  2. by irradiation
  3. by chemotherapy
  4. by immunotherapy
61
Q

Neoplasia (new + growth)
1. the formation of a neoplasm,
i.e., the progressive multiplication of cells under conditions that would not elicit, or would
cause cessation of, multiplication of normal cells
2. tumor :
1) swelling, one of the cardinal signs of inflammation,
2) a new growth of tissue in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled and progressive
3) true tumor, or neoplasm, is an independent or autonomic overgrowth of tissue, which serve
no useful purpose and is usually destructive to normal tissue

4) new, progressive, and uncontrolled growth of cell

A
62
Q

Page 10 , 11 ,12

A
63
Q

Important morphologic characteristics of cancer cells

A

a. pleomorphism

b. hyperchromatism

c. nuclear changes

d. bizarre cell

e loss of orderly maturation

altered growth properties

chromosomal

abnormality: aneuploid

biochemical abnormality

64
Q

Etiology of cancer

A. usual causes are chemicals, physical agents, or viruses

B. carcinogen

  1. any cancer producing substance
  2. substances that produce neoplasia

C. carcinogenic agents

  1. chemicals

a. chimney soot, coat tar, dibenzeneanthracene

b. general comments

strong electrophil reagents or metabolized to electrophils mutagens

16

  1. radiation

a. ultraviolet

b. x irradiation

c. radioactive material

  1. oncogenic viruses

RNA, DNA virus
4. parasites

a. esophageal sarcomas in dogs Spirocerca lupi

b. hepatic sarcomas in rats-Taenia taeniaeformis

c. cholangiocarcinoma in humans

Clonorchis sinensis

  1. Bacteria

Helicobacter pylori

  1. Heredity
  2. Nutritional factors aflatoxin
  3. Hormones estrogen
A
65
Q
  • are a group of genes that normal cells to become cancerous when they are mutated.
A

proto-oncogenes

66
Q

: viral encoded oncogene

A

v-oncogene

67
Q

: viral encoded oncogene

A

v-oncogene

68
Q
  • malignancy usually involving the granulocytic
    group (neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils) and may also involve the red
    cells and the megakaryocytes.
A

Myelogenous leukemia

69
Q

__________and___________ are the proper terms
that can be used when non-specificity of lesion arising from the bone marrow
is described.

A

Reticuloendotheliosis and myeloproferative disorder

2024 VPATH (9 decks)

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