Disturbance Flashcards
– lesion where excess fluids accumulate in interstitial tissue spaces.
- may be a transudate or an exudatefluid
Edema
– refers to a lesion where blood may be kept from reaching an area of
tissue and the tissue becomes necrotic.
- a necrotized, vascular area blocked byembolic lesion.
Infarct
– process of necrotizing an area blocked by thrombus or other embolic lesion
Infarction
– an intravascular solid clot formed
Thrombus
– refers to a process by which a blood may clot within blood vessels
Thrombosis
- a vascular space-occupying lesion.
- may be a dislodged blood clot, a parasite, or an air bubble
Embolus
– process whereby a floating mass may occlude vascular channels
Embolism
– is the generalized failure of peripheral circulation
Shock
HEMORRHAGE
Hemorrhages occur when red blood cells are present outside the blood vessels. The vessel may be physically damaged (hemorrhage by __________) so that the cells simpy flow out through, or the cells may pass through an intact vascular wall by a process called _________.
rhexis
diapedesis
- tiny pinpoint
hemorrhage measuring 1 to 2 mm sized foci.
Petechial hemorrhage
Photograph showing
petechial hemorrhages
visible along the kidney
capsule. This lesion is
pathognomonic of _______<
Hog
cholera infection.
larger areas of
hemorrhage measuring 2 to 3 cm in size.
Ecchymotic hemorrhage
- refers to extensive streaking with hemorrhage.
- (lesion as if someone literally splashed red paint on the tissue)
Paint-brush type
Petechial hemorrhage - tiny pinpoint
hemorrhage measuring 1 to 2 mm sized foci.
Photograph showing
petechial hemorrhages
visible along the kidney
capsule. This lesion is
pathognomonic of Hog
cholera infection.
Ecchymotic hemorrhage - larger areas of
hemorrhage measuring 2 to 3 cm in size.
Paint-brush type - refers to extensive streaking with hemorrhage.
- (lesion as if someone literally splashed red paint on the tissue)
The above three types usually occur on serosal or mucosal surfaces and are visible but cannot be palpated
– occurs when sufficientred cells come out in one area
to form a lump, the lesion is called
Hematoma (or more appropriately HEMATOCYST)
Massive hemorrhage into a body cavity is called:
______,_____,________ depending on the area affected
hemopericardium, hemothorax or hemoperitoneum,
is a clinical term applied to an animal that has extensive petechial and ecchymotic
hemorrhages on serous and mucous surfaces.
Purpura
purpura is more of a descriptive term and does not imply a specific disease
– (skin lesion) is a result of hemorrhage.
Presence of hemosiderin-ladenmacrophages and erythrophagocytosis are indications of former
hemorrhage.
Bruise
Diseases that result in marked bleeding tendencies are named
hemorrhagic diatheses
3 factors used in defining the types of pathological Hyperemia
- Duration
- Extent
- Mechanisms
DURATION: acute/chronic
Acute: implies abrupt onset with rapid development
Chronic: slowly developing and/or present for a long time
- EXTENT:
Local: change confined to a discrete area (localized or limited)
Generalized: indicates a systemic change or generalized within an
MECHANISMS: active/passive
Active: due to arteriolar flow
Passive: due to impaired venous drainage
Acute Local Active Hyperemia:
Engorgement of the vascular bed due to increased arteriolar blood flow into an area -cardinal sign of inflammation =
“Hyperemia of Inflammation”
:An excessive amount of blood (refers to volume)
- implication passive, venous engorgement
AKA Passive Hyperemia
Causes: Right Heart Failure, Pulmonary Hypertension
Gross: - mottled appearance - “nutmeg liver”
CONGESTION
:An excessive amount of blood (refers to volume)
- implication passive, venous engorgement
AKA Passive Hyperemia
Causes: Right Heart Failure, Pulmonary Hypertension
Gross: - mottled appearance - “nutmeg liver”
CONGESTION
- Acute Local Passive Hyperemia:
Local obstruction to venous drainage
• Passive engorgement of the drainage area
Blood backs up into the microvascular bed
Local venous engorgement results
Chronic Local Passive Hyperemia:
Differs from #2 by the time frame required Example - A slowly developing tumour or abscess enlarges and eventually compresses adjacent veins can produce passive hyperemia.
Another example- A chronic inflammatory lesions that progresses to fibrosis and can lead to venous outflow obstruction.
eg. Hepatic CIRRHOSIS
Chronic Generalized Passive HYPEREMIA
NOTE: Generalized passive hyperemias (congestions)
are most often associated with pathology of either the heart or lungs (there are exceptions)
CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE
Chronic Generalized Passive Hyperemia
LUNG- certain types of primary pulmonary disease
Progressive loss of the pulmonary vascular bed Pulmonary hypertension psi within pulmonary arteries
Right heart failure (secondary to primary pulmonary disease)
DEFINITION: COR PULMONALE: the syndrome of right heart failure resulting from primary pulmonary disease
Starling’s law: Hydrostatic pressure in the vascular system (aided slightly by perivascular osmotic pressure) moves fluid out of the system. Osmotic pressures of the plasma proteins, and to a lesser extent, tissue pressure around blood vessels are the forces that contain the fluid within the vascular system.
Interstitial Tissue Fluid:
Intermediary-all metabolic products
pass to enter or leave cells
-constant exchange both with plasma and with cellular fruids.
Endothelium + underlying basement membrane allows the free passage of H₂O lons and opposes the passage
of plasma proteins.
___________–passageofbloodthroughtheuterus.
____________–vomitingofblood.
Metrorrhagia
Hematemesis
__________________–defecation of blood.
___________________–linear or streaked appearance ofhemorrhage.
________–pin point hemorrhage one to two millimeter-sized foci
Hematochezia
Paint-brushhemorrhage
Petechia(e)
– refers to the abnormal accumulation of fluid in tissue spaces.
- defined as excessive visible accumulation of extracellularfluid in interstitial tissues and in
various body cavities.
- it may be a transudate or an
exudate.
(Note: Edema is a lesion and not a specific
disease)
EDEMA
EDEMA – refers to the abnormal accumulation of fluid in tissue spaces.
- defined as excessive visible accumulation of extracellularfluid in interstitial tissues and in
various body cavities.
- it may be a transudate or an
exudate.
(Note: Edema is a lesion and not a specific
disease).
This illustrates the
process whereby
blood and fluids are
passed through the
tissues.
In general, the etiology relates to changes in:
Or MECHANISM OF EDEMA FORMATION:
a. hydrostatic pressure ofblood
b. osmotic pressure of blood and tissue fluid
c. permeability changes of capillaries
d. lymphatic obstruction
- Alterations in the venous side (i.e. obstruction)
results to increase in the hydrostatic pressure along whole
capillary. - Increased hydrostatic pressure is a result of
increase venous pressure (e.g. cardiac failure,
mechanical obstruction to venous drainage) e.g.
in chronic congestion; twisted orobstructed
bow
. el
HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE CHANGES
- Alterations in the venous side (i.e. obstruction)
results to increase in the hydrostatic pressure along whole
capillary. - Increased hydrostatic pressure is a result of
increase venous pressure (e.g. cardiac failure,
mechanical obstruction to venous drainage) e.g.
in chronic congestion; twisted orobstructed
bow
. el
HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE CHANGES
- Variation in osmotic pressure result from reduced
plasma protein levels blood and may occur from
decreased formation or excessive loss of plasma
from blood. - Decreased blood osmotic pressure results
from low plasma
starvation,
excessive
proteins following
loss (e.g. renal
diseases), or underproduction (e.g.
liver
disease).
-
i.e.,
in
protein-losing
disorders;
hypoalbuminemia.
OSMOTIC PRESSURE CHANGES
- Variation in osmotic pressure result from reduced
plasma protein levels blood and may occur from
decreased formation or excessive loss of plasma
from blood. - Decreased blood osmotic pressure results
from low plasma
starvation,
excessive
proteins following
loss (e.g. renal
diseases), or underproduction (e.g.
liver
disease).
-
i.e.,
in
protein-losing
disorders;
hypoalbuminemia.
OSMOTIC PRESSURE CHANGES
result from
direct damage,
as
in
trauma
or
inflammation, and also from anoxia, as in
heart failure.
- Increased capillary permeability
occurs
in
association
with
inflammation.
PERMEABILITY CHANGES
- Permeability changes
may occur when
any lesion impedes normal lymphatic
drainage by pressure or obstruction.
- Lymphatic obstruction prevents the
drainage of tissue fluids leading to
damming of fluids in the tissue.
- i.e. tumor that blockslymphatics;
elephantiasis, etc.
LYMPHATICOBSTRUCTION
- Lymphatic obstruction
- Na+ holds excessive water in interstitial tissues.
- Increased osmotic pressure of extracellular fluids is due to an excess of sodium ions
in extracellular fluid following impaired excretion of sodium (e.g., excess mineralocorticoid
(hyperadrenocortisolism), excess salt intake, kidney disease, or possibly increase in ADH).
INCREASED RENAL SODIUM
Recognition of Edema
Subcutaneous tissues may show swelling.
Edema is recognized by excess clear fluid and is most easily visualized beneath the skin or
between the layers of mucous membranes or in lobules of the lung, where there isspace for accumulation
to occur.
- generalized edema.
- extreme edema in the entire body, as occurs in some aborted fetuses
Anasarca
- generalized edema.
- extreme edema in the entire body, as occurs in some aborted fetuses
Anasarca
- a common lesion affecting lungs and is often the immediate cause of death in many
different disease conditions. (i.e. resultant of left congestive heart failure or LCHF)
Pulmonary edema
Edema is such a characteristic lesion in some specific diseases that it is incorporated into the name of the
disease:
- “gut edema” caused by Escherichia coli inpigs
- “malignant edema” caused by Clostridium septicumin several species
In the usual H& E, the EDEMA fluid
appears as ____ homogenous
material.
PINK-STAINING
s the abnormal accumulation of fluid in interstitial spaces or
body cavities, resulting from an imbalance in forces driving fluid in
and out of capillaries.
Edema
Elevated pressure within vessels
(e.g., in heart failure) forces fluid into the interstitial space. Seen in
conditions like congestive heart failure and portal hypertension
Increased Hydrostatic Pressure:
: Reduced plasma proteins (like
albumin) decrease the pull of fluid back into vessels, leading to
edema. Causes include hypoproteinemia from malnutrition, liver
disease, or kidney disorders
Decreased Oncotic Pressure
: Inflammatory or toxic injury
increases endothelial permeability, allowing fluid and proteins to leak
into tissues. Seen in inflammation, infections, or toxin exposure.
Increased Vascular Permeability
Blocked lymphatic vessels prevent the
drainage of excess fluid from tissues, leading to lymphedema.
Causes include tumors or surgical trauma.
Lymphatic Obstruction:
Clinical Manifestations
Localized Edema: Often seen in areas of inflammation or
venous/lymphatic obstruction.
Generalized Edema (Anasarca): Associated with systemic
conditions like heart or renal failure.
Pulmonary Edema: Fluid in the lungs, frequently due to heart failure,
leads to respiratory distress.
Ascites: Accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity, often due to
liver disease or heart failure.
change confined to a discrete area (localized or limited)
Local
: indicates a systemic change or generalized within an
Generalized
– lesion when larger areas of hemorrhage,petechiae and ecchymoses are scattered on many body surf aces(generalized).
Purpura
