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2024 VPATH > HOST PARASITE RELATIONSHIP > Flashcards

HOST PARASITE RELATIONSHIP Flashcards

1
Q

The HOST-PARASITE RELATIONSHIP
Infectious disease results from the
interaction of an _____
with the ___ in its particular
______

A

infectious agent
host
environment

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2
Q

The Host
Primary protective factor is RESISTANCE:
Four Types of Resistance
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)

A

1) Genetic or natural resistance
2) Species resistance
3) Age and Sex resistance
4) Immune resistance
5) nutritional

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3
Q

The Host
Primary protective factor is RESISTANCE:
Four Types of Resistance
1) Genetic or natural resistance
2) Species resistance
3) Age and Sex resistance
4) Immune resistance
a.
b.

A

A. Passive or Transferred Immunity
B .Active or Acquired Immunity

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4
Q

What are the three influential factors of an infectious agent?

A
  • Virulence
  • Tropism
  • Ability to persist or to spread in the host

These factors determine how effectively an infectious agent can cause disease.

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5
Q

What are the nine influential factors of the environment affecting infectious agents?

A
  • Ambient temperature
  • Humidity
  • Spacing
  • Housing/Shelter
  • Moisture
  • Ventilation
  • Lighting
  • Feeds
  • Various environmental pollutants

These environmental factors can significantly impact the survival and transmission of infectious agents.

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6
Q

Fill in the blank: The ability of an infectious agent to cause disease is known as _______.

A

[Virulence]

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7
Q

True or False: Tropism refers to the ability of an infectious agent to spread in the host.

A

False

Tropism specifically refers to the preference of an infectious agent for a particular host tissue.

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8
Q

Fill in the blank: The factor that includes ambient temperature and humidity is part of the _______ that influences infectious agents.

A

[Environment]

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9
Q

What does the term ‘moisture’ refer to in the context of environmental factors influencing infectious agents?

A

The presence of water in the environment that can affect the survival and spread of infectious agents

Moisture levels can influence microbial growth and viability.

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10
Q

How do bacteria generally cause disease?

A

Bacteria generally cause disease by:
* invasion
* production of toxins
* attaching or colonizing
* evading hosts defenses

These mechanisms can occur singly or in combination.

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11
Q

What are the main ways viruses cause disease?

A

Viruses generally cause disease by:
* cytolysis
* maintaining steady state with the host
* integrating into the genome of the host

Cytolysis refers to the destruction of cells, often leading to disease.

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12
Q

How do parasites generally cause disease?

A

Parasites generally cause disease by:
* local destruction of cells/tissues
* effects on blood circulation
* space-occupying lesions
* nutritive competition

These effects can lead to various diseases and health complications.

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13
Q

What are the ways fungi generally cause disease?

A

Fungi generally cause disease by:
* invasion of living tissue
* inducing allergies or hypersensitivities
* toxicosis

Toxicosis refers to the toxic effects caused by fungal metabolites.

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14
Q

How do toxins or poisons produce disease?

A

Toxins or poisons generally produce disease by:
* direct contact (causing sudden degeneration and necrosis)
* absorption (striking lesion is produced and derangement of metabolism)

Direct contact with toxins can lead to immediate tissue damage.

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15
Q

What is the general term for living together or co-existence of two organisms?

A

Symbiosis

Symbiosis can involve different types of relationships between organisms.

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16
Q

What are the three types of symbiotic relationships?

A
  • Mutualistic
  • Commensalistic
  • Parasitic

Each type of relationship has different implications for the organisms involved.

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17
Q

True or False: Symbiosis only refers to harmful interactions between organisms.

A

False

Symbiosis encompasses beneficial, neutral, and harmful interactions.

18
Q

Fill in the blank: Symbiosis may be __________, commensalistic, or parasitic.

A

[mutualistic]

Mutualism is a type of symbiosis where both organisms benefit.

19
Q

What is a Parasitic Relationship?

A

A relationship whereby one partner lives at the expense of another.

Parasitism often involves one organism benefiting at the cost of another, which may suffer harm.

20
Q

Define Commensalism.

A

A relationship in which there is advantage to one partner but no real disadvantage to the other.

In commensal relationships, one organism benefits while the other is neither helped nor harmed.

21
Q

What is Mutualism?

A

A relationship in which two organisms live together without disadvantage nor harm to one another.

Mutualism benefits both organisms involved, often enhancing their survival or reproduction.

22
Q

What is the chronologic sequence of events used by infectious microorganisms?

A

The sequence includes colonizing and invading mucosae and skin, spreading to local tissues, and causing disease.

This process is critical for understanding how infections develop and progress.

23
Q

How do infectious microorganisms commonly enter the body?

A

Ingestion, inhalation, or cutaneous penetration.

These routes are essential for the initial stages of infection.

24
Q

What do infectious microorganisms interact with upon entering the body?

A

Mucosae or skin.

This interaction is the first step in the infection process.

25
Q

If the target cell is not in mucosae or skin, where may microorganisms spread next?

A

To submucosal and subcutaneous lymphoid nodules such as in tonsils or Peyer’s patches.

These areas are important for immune response and pathogen surveillance.

26
Q

After spreading to lymphoid nodules, where do microorganisms go next?

A

To regional lymph nodes.

Regional lymph nodes are key sites for immune activation and response.

27
Q

What systems do infectious microorganisms spread to after regional lymph nodes?

A

The circulatory and/or lymphatic systems.

This systemic spread is crucial for the dissemination of infection throughout the body.

28
Q

True or False: Infectious microorganisms can only enter the body through ingestion.

A

False.

They can also enter through inhalation and cutaneous penetration.

29
Q

Portals of entry.

Infectious microorganisms commonly enter the body through 1. _________________, 2.__________, 3 _______________, and 4._______________

A

1.ingestion (alimentary portal)
2.inhalation (respiratory portal)
3.cutaneous penetration (skin portal)
4. ascending infection (lower urinary and reproductive portals) and interact with epithelial cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, and lymphocytes of the mucosae or skin.

30
Q

What types of cells do infectious organisms often infect?

A

Macrophages, lymphocytes, and dendritic cells

These cells play a role in the immune response and can facilitate the spread of infections.

31
Q

How do infectious organisms spread to target cells in organ systems?

A

Via leukocyte trafficking

This process occurs as the cells migrate through organ systems during immunologic surveillance.

32
Q

What determines cell and tissue specificity for infectious organisms?

A

Ligand-receptor interactions

Proteins (ligands) on infectious organisms bind to receptors on host target cells.

33
Q

What are ligands in the context of infectious organisms?

A

Proteins expressed on the surface of infectious organisms

These proteins interact with receptors on host cells.

34
Q

What happens once an infectious organism binds to a host cell receptor?

A

A sequence of events is initiated that colonizes or invades the cells

This process can occur through phagocytosis or endocytosis.

35
Q

What are virulence determinants?

A

Factors that facilitate the colonization and invasion of host cells

These determinants play a critical role in the infectious process.

36
Q

How do infectious organisms replicate within host cells?

A

By establishing control of normal metabolic systems

This allows the organisms to use host cell resources for replication.

37
Q

What is the typical outcome of the infection process on host cells?

A

Cell dysfunction and/or death

This leads to clinical disease in the host.

38
Q

Fill in the blank: Infectious organisms can invade cells through _______.

A

Phagocytosis or endocytosis

These are processes by which cells engulf substances.

39
Q

True or False: The primary role of macrophages, lymphocytes, and dendritic cells is to support the immune response.

A

True

These cells are integral to the body’s defense mechanisms.

40
Q

Deposition of infectious microorganisms.

Infectious microorganisms inhaled through the nostrils are deposited on mucosa of the nasal turbinates, nasal pharynx, and/or the conductive system of the respiratory tract. The site of deposition depends on the physical properties of the agent such as size, shape, weight, and electrostatic charge.

A

2024 VPATH (9 decks)

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