Chapter 3

Question 1

May be exogenous that is derived from outside the body or from the environment or endogenous produce within the body

Answer 1

Pigmentation

Question 2

2 FORMS OF PIGMENTATION

Answer 2

1) EXOGENOUS PIGMENTATION
2) ENDOGENOUS PIGMENTATION

Question 3

are usually caused by inhalation of compounds in mineral or organic dust and become visible in the respiratory tract and draining lymph nodes.

Answer 3

Exogenous pigmentations

Question 4

occupational pathological pigmentations of the lung (as a group) are called _________. Many occupational hazards known in humans, such as _____,_____ ,_______ are caused by chemical or dust inhalation.

Answer 4

Pneumoconiosis
silicosis, anthracosis and asbestosis,

Question 5

The only exogenous pigmentation of concern in animals is caused by _________, which occurs as a result of inhalations of carbon compounds.

Answer 5

anthracosis

Question 6

EXOGENOUS PIGMENTS
Comprise the following groups of materials:

Answer 6

a) Metals – e.g. silver, lead, iron.
b) Fungi – e.g. Aspergillus molds.
c) Colored substances – e.g tetracyclines, plant-derived (carotene).
d) Coarse Materials – e.g.carbon, dusts.

Question 7

–
- may be divided into groups of those related to melanin or those derived from lipids, hemoglobin or porphyrins.

Answer 7

ENDOGENOUS PIGMENTATION

Question 8

• Melanin is a normal pigment made by ______ and _______ and present in cells, which receive it from melanocytes.

Answer 8

melanoblasts and melanocytes

Question 9

granular protein containing pigment produced by melanocytes. Increased production occurs in association with: - excessive UV or sunlight exposures

Answer 9

Melanin pigmentation

Question 10

• tumors of melanocytes

Answer 10

melanoma

Question 11

• excessive irradiation

Answer 11

Melanin

Question 12

is the presence of melanin in abnormal location such as on the pleura, meninges or heart.

Answer 12

Melanosis

Question 13

• also a congenital mislocation of melanocytes

Answer 13

Melanosis

Question 14

congenital complete absence of melanin in an individual.

Answer 14

ALBINO (albinism)

Question 15

test is used to identify the cells that have the capability to make melanin.

Answer 15

dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA)

Question 16

Macrophages that pick up granules of melanin are called .

Answer 16

melanophores

Question 17

Macrophages that pick up granules of melanin are called .

Answer 17

melanophores

Question 18

Endogenous pigmentation

Answer 18

1. Melanin pigments
   2.Lipid pigments
2. Bilirubin

Question 19

Lipid pigments

Answer 19

Lipofuscin and Hemachromatosis

Question 20

is found as yellowish-brown granules in the cytoplasm of affected parechymal cells.

Answer 20

Lipofuscin

Question 21

Lipofuscins represents partially degraded lysosome-bound indigestible residue of autophagic vacuoles in cells.
- Also known as ______________; pigment of brown atrophy; ceroid; lipochrome
____________ may hasten formation of lipofuscin formation
(sometimes called VITAMIN E pigment)

Answer 21

“wear and tear pigment”
Vitamin E deficiency

Question 22

is a condition in which the kidney or liver becomes discolored black because of excess accumulation of non-iron staining brown pigment in hepatocytes and renal tubular epithelium.

Answer 22

Hemochromatosis

Question 23

usually seen in association with jaundice.

Answer 23

Bilirubin (or hematoidin)

Question 24

Bilirubin (or hematoidin)– usually seen in association with jaundice.
- amount increases following excessive hemorrhage or hemolysis, and failure of the liver to conjugate bilirubin into _____(1).
- Bilirubin is formed from the _____(2) structure of hemoglobin when iron and protein have been removed. It is a normal by-product of hemoglobin breakdown but may occur at times in excess. Hemoglobin in the plasma may be carried to the liver by haptoglobin or in the free state to be transformed into bilirubin within hepatocyte.

Answer 24

1) bile
2) tetrapyrrole ring

Question 25

occurs when bilirubin is presented in the plasma in excess and all tissues are stained yellowish-brown.

Answer 25

Jaundice, or icterus,

Question 26

Jaundice is of three types:

Answer 26

a) Prehepatic or hemolytic jaundice
b) Hepatic jaundice
c) Posthepatic or obstructive jaundice

Question 27

type occurs following acute hemolytic conditions whereby bilirubin are brought to the liver in larger quantities to be conjugated with glucuronic acid. Because of bilirubin excess in the plasma , it cannot be processed so it builds up in the blood as unconjugated bilirubin. Excess conjugated bilirubin will also appear in blood , feces and urine from the overload.

Answer 27

Prehepatic

Question 28

Occurs from direct damage to liver cells and there is release of conjugated and unconjugated bilirubin into the blood

Answer 28

Hepatic jaundice

Question 29

The bilirubin has passed through the liver but is blocked from entry into the intestine ( blocked by rumor growth, parasites etc.

Answer 29

Posthepatic jaundice

Question 30

• abnormal synthesis of hemoglobin lead to ________ accumulation

Answer 30

Porphyrin

Question 31

• Porphyrins that accumulate in the blood may cause pigmentation of tissues along with ______ and also ___________.

Answer 31

• Porphyrins that accumulate in the blood may cause pigmentation of tissues along with jaundice and also photosensitization.

Question 32

Heme synthesis—note that some reactions occur in the cytoplasm and some in the mitochondrion (yellow). Any of the enzyme that is defective i.e., ferrochelatase would lead to accumulation of toxic precursor of heme (porphyrins).

Question 33

The condition is called porphyria and may be:

Answer 33

a. Congenital porphyria
b. Hepatotoxic porphyria
c. Primary porphyria

Question 34

congenital type, there is a metabolic defect in the _______________

Answer 34

steps of breakdown of porphyrins

Question 35

Is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disease of cattle worldwide. This disease is cause by a deficiency of ferrochelatase(FC) activity, which catalyzes the final step in the heme biosynthesis pathway

Answer 35

Congenital erythropoietic porphyria ( Porphyrinuria, Pink tooth, Osteohemochromatosis)

Question 36

Congenital erythropoietic porphyria ( Porphyrinuria, Pink tooth, Osteohemochromatosis)Is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disease of cattle worldwide. This disease is cause by a ________________ activity, which catalyzes the final step in the heme biosynthesis pathway

Answer 36

deficiency of FERROCHELATASE (FC)

Question 37

Congenital erythropoietic porphyria ( Porphyrinuria, Pink tooth, Osteohemochromatosis)Is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disease of cattle worldwide. This disease is cause by a deficiency of ferrochelatase(FC) activity, which

Answer 37

catalyzes the final step in the heme biosynthesis pathway

Question 38

arises from phylloerythrin, a metabolite of chlorophyll that has photosensitizing properties. It accumulates when toxic damage to the liver impairs its normal degradation. The liver lesion is usually chronic and involves the bile duct system. Facial eczema of sheep caused by ingestion of the fungal toxin sporidesmin is a prime example.

Answer 38

The hepatotoxic type

Question 39

• The __________ is caused by plants that contain compounds directly photosensitive by ingestion without hepatic injury.

Answer 39

primary type

Question 40

• The primary type is caused by plants that contain compounds directly photosensitive by ingestion without hepatic injury. Examples are

Answer 40

fagopyrism or plant lantana.