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Bio300 exam 1 > Neoplasia > Flashcards

Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

Neoplasia

A

A disorder of cell growth and differentiation

Excessive growth of abnormal cells

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2
Q

Neoplasm

A

“New growth”

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3
Q

What are neoplasms?

A

Tumors (swelling)

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4
Q

What ways can a neoplasm/tumor be classed?

A

Malignant: cancer

Benign: not as aggressive or destructive as malignant (can still be dangerous depending on location and size)

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5
Q

Where does cellular differentiation occur primarily?

A

Embryonic/fetal life

Bone marrow production of blood cells

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6
Q

Benign

A

Incapsulated

Well-differentiated cells that resemble cells of tissue of origin

Slow growing

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7
Q

Malignant

A

Cells are undifferentiated anaplasia with little resemblance to cell in tissue of origin

Rapid growth

Invades new tissue

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8
Q

In-situ tumor

A

Remain in the original location

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9
Q

Invasive tumors

A

Extending out from the origin

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10
Q

Primary tumor

A

Original tumor

Produced by the initial malignant cellular transformation

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11
Q

Metastatic tumor

A

Tumor fragments, broken off from original primary tumor and has traveled.

Begins to grow secondary tumors

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12
Q

Anaplasitic cells

A

Lost their differentiation (less mature)

Lost their normal cell structure and function

Appears not similar to mature cells of same cell type

Cell function is abnormal

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13
Q

Solid tumors

A

Originate in solid tissue

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14
Q

Hematologic malignancies

A

Originate in blood or lymphatics

Since they are already systemic they are already malignant at time of diagnosis

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15
Q

Types of hematologic malignancies

A

Lymphatic origin = lymphomas

Blood origin = leukemias

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16
Q

Mutations of genes that regulate cell growth can lead to ?

A

Malignant transformation

-proto-oncogenes

-tumor suppressor genes

-genes regulating apoptosis

-genes regulating DNA repair

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17
Q

Proto-oncogenes

A

Growth promoting genes

Mutations in this gene is called oncogenes
*causes accelerated, unregulated cell growth

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18
Q

Tumor suppressor genes

A

Growth suppressing genes

Mutation of the TP53 gene can regulate the accelerated growth

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19
Q

What is mutations in TP53 associated with?

A

Lung, breast, colon cancer

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20
Q

Epigenetics

A

Mechanisms that induce changes in the patterns of expression of genes

Dna is not altered but the proteins products of the gene are not produced properly (gene is silenced)

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21
Q

Gene silencing

A

Type of epigenetic mechanism

Occurs as a pathophysiologic cause of cancer

22
Q

Factors associated with cancer

A

Heredity

Carcinogenic agents

Immunologic mechanisms

Aging

Hormones

Obesity

23
Q

Abnormal cell growth

A

Growth factor independence
-grow without chemical stimulation

Cell immortality
-cancer cells do not die easily

Altered contact inhibition
-continue abnormal growth even when contacting other cells

Anchorage independence and reduced cohesion
-breaks off and travels

24
Q

Cancer expression of abnormal molecules

A

Degradative enzymes:
-promotes invasion into other tissues

Angiogenic factors:
-promote blood vessels growth to the tumor

Hormone like:
Secretion of hormones by tumors is primary cause of paraneoplastic syndrome

Other abnormal molecules (tumor markers)
-allow us after getting rid of tumor to see when it comes back

25
Q

Clinical manifestation of cancer

A

Pain (usually solid tumors pressing up on body tissue)

Toxic effects from abnormal sectrions
*anorexia,
*N/V,
*Cachexia (weight loss)
*fatigue and disordered sleep

Hematologic abnormalities:
*decreased WBC, RBC, and platelets

Infection

26
Q

Grading by cellular characteristics

A

Description of appearance of tumor
*see both solif tumor and hematologic origin to see how undifferentiated the cancer cells are

The more undifferentiated the more aggressive cancer cells

27
Q

Staging to detect degree of spread throughout body

A

Both solid and hematologic tumors are staged
Staging criteria is different for the two of them

28
Q

Staging of solid tumors

A

TNM system:

T: tumor size

N: nodal involvement (how many lymph nodes have malignant cells)

M: metastasis: is it present in distant areas (how far and what size)

29
Q

Cancer in children

A

Primary types : blood, brain, bone, muscle and embryonic

Leukemias (WBCs)
Lymphomas (lymphatic tissue)
Sarcomas (arising from non-epithelial tissues)
*brain tumors
*bone tumors
*Rhabdomyosarcoma (striated muscle)
Embryonic tumors
*Retinoblasoma
*Wilms tumor, Nephroblastoma

30
Q

2 primary categories of malignant tumors

A

Lymphatic malignancies

Blood malignancies

31
Q

Diagnostic tests for hematologic malignancies

A

Diagnostic needle aspiration or tissue biopsy of:
Lymph nodes or bone marrow

32
Q

Difference between aspiration and biopsy

A

Relates to how much tissue was extracted

Biopsy is a larger sample that includes more architectural details of tissue

33
Q

Lymphoma

A

Enlarged lymph node
Nonpainful and non-moveable

Biopsy reveals malignant cells of lymphoid origin

whether it is primary lymphoma or metastatic tumor coming from a different place

34
Q

Lymphomas are classified as

A

Hodgkin Lymphoma

Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

35
Q

Hodgkin Lymphoma

A

Characterized bu presence of the Reed-Sternberg cell (RS Cell) in biopsy

36
Q

Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas (NHL)

A

Malignant transformation of either T or B lymphocytes

Example is Burkitt lymphoma

37
Q

Burkitt lymphoma
(Type of Non-Hodgkins lymphoma)

A

Infection of B cells in lymphoid tissue with Epstein-Barr Virus (EVB)

Destructive tumor of the jaw and facial structures

38
Q

Malignancies of the blood

A

Often present with pancytopenia

Refers to decreases in the # of normal cells:
WBCs, RBCs, Platelets

Overproduction of abnormal cells that are not mature like
“Blast” cells or these normal cells

Most often arises in the WBC line with overproduction of Leukemic blast cells and decrease of normal WBCs

39
Q

Examples of malignancies of the blood

A

Myelodysplastic syndrome

Leukemias

Plasma cell dyscreasias (disorders)

40
Q

Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS)

A

Dysfunction in production of blood cells (may affect all cell lines = pancytopenia)

Can evolve into acute malignant leukemia or remain as a chronic meds for years

41
Q

New treatment for Myelodysplastic Syndrome

A

Hypomethylating agents

Able to reverse “gene silencing” that is caused by MDS

42
Q

Leukemias

A

Usually WBC abnormal overproduction of immature cells

This dysfunction in bone marrow can lead to decreased RBCs and platelets as well = pancytopenia (can be a sign as well)

43
Q

Different types of leukemias

A

Acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL)

Chronic Lymphoid Leukemia (CLL)

Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)

Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)`

44
Q

Differents of the different leukemia

A

Is it origin of lymphoid or myeloid

Is it acute or chronic (happens early or later in cellular transformation

45
Q

Acute leukemias

ALL
AML

A

Rapid proliferation of abnormal WBCs

Increased mass of WBCs crowd out RBCs and platelets in bone marrow

WBCs not effective at fighting infection

Increased WBC death

46
Q

Signs and symptoms of Acute Leukemias ALL AML

A

Fatigue (decreased RBCs)
Low grade fever
Night sweats
Weight loss
Increased susceptibility to infections
Abnormal bleeding (decreased platelets)
Infiltration of abnormal WBCs into lymphoid tissues
Bone pain due to bone marrow expansion

47
Q

Chronic Leukemias CLL CML

A

Similar to acute leukemias but slower onset and more gradual

48
Q

Pathogensis of leukemias

A

Etiological factors:
*Exposure to carcinogens
*Chemotherapy
*Genetic predisposition

Molecular biological etioloic factors:
*Alterations of genes that regulate vlood cell production
*Chromosomal alterations of blood forming cells (translocations, inversions, deletions)

49
Q

Plasma cell dyscrasias

A

Abnormal expansion of clone immunoglobin- producing plasma cells from b lymphocytes

Most common type is multiple myeloma

50
Q

Multiple Myeloma

A

Malignant transformation in the terminal differentiation of plasma cells

Osteoclast activity is increased = bone destruction (releasing calcium) = high risk of hypercalcemia and bone fracture.

Bio300 exam 1 (8 decks)

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