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Bio300 exam 1 > Neoplasia > Flashcards

Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

Neoplasia

A

A disorder of cell growth and differentiation

Excessive growth of abnormal cells

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2
Q

Neoplasm

A

“New growth”

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3
Q

What are neoplasms?

A

Tumors (swelling)

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4
Q

What ways can a neoplasm/tumor be classed?

A

Malignant: cancer

Benign: not as aggressive or destructive as malignant (can still be dangerous depending on location and size)

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5
Q

Where does cellular differentiation occur primarily?

A

Embryonic/fetal life

Bone marrow production of blood cells

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6
Q

Benign

A

Incapsulated

Well-differentiated cells that resemble cells of tissue of origin

Slow growing

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7
Q

Malignant

A

Cells are undifferentiated anaplasia with little resemblance to cell in tissue of origin

Rapid growth

Invades new tissue

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8
Q

In-situ tumor

A

Remain in the original location

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9
Q

Invasive tumors

A

Extending out from the origin

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10
Q

Primary tumor

A

Original tumor

Produced by the initial malignant cellular transformation

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11
Q

Metastatic tumor

A

Tumor fragments, broken off from original primary tumor and has traveled.

Begins to grow secondary tumors

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12
Q

Anaplasitic cells

A

Lost their differentiation (less mature)

Lost their normal cell structure and function

Appears not similar to mature cells of same cell type

Cell function is abnormal

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13
Q

Solid tumors

A

Originate in solid tissue

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14
Q

Hematologic malignancies

A

Originate in blood or lymphatics

Since they are already systemic they are already malignant at time of diagnosis

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15
Q

Types of hematologic malignancies

A

Lymphatic origin = lymphomas

Blood origin = leukemias

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16
Q

Mutations of genes that regulate cell growth can lead to ?

A

Malignant transformation

-proto-oncogenes

-tumor suppressor genes

-genes regulating apoptosis

-genes regulating DNA repair

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17
Q

Proto-oncogenes

A

Growth promoting genes

Mutations in this gene is called oncogenes
*causes accelerated, unregulated cell growth

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18
Q

Tumor suppressor genes

A

Growth suppressing genes

Mutation of the TP53 gene can regulate the accelerated growth

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19
Q

What is mutations in TP53 associated with?

A

Lung, breast, colon cancer

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20
Q

Epigenetics

A

Mechanisms that induce changes in the patterns of expression of genes

Dna is not altered but the proteins products of the gene are not produced properly (gene is silenced)

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21
Q

Gene silencing

A

Type of epigenetic mechanism

Occurs as a pathophysiologic cause of cancer

22
Q

Factors associated with cancer

A

Heredity

Carcinogenic agents

Immunologic mechanisms

Aging

Hormones

Obesity

23
Q

Abnormal cell growth

A

Growth factor independence
-grow without chemical stimulation

Cell immortality
-cancer cells do not die easily

Altered contact inhibition
-continue abnormal growth even when contacting other cells

Anchorage independence and reduced cohesion
-breaks off and travels

24
Q

Cancer expression of abnormal molecules

A

Degradative enzymes:
-promotes invasion into other tissues

Angiogenic factors:
-promote blood vessels growth to the tumor

Hormone like:
Secretion of hormones by tumors is primary cause of paraneoplastic syndrome

Other abnormal molecules (tumor markers)
-allow us after getting rid of tumor to see when it comes back

25
Clinical manifestation of cancer
Pain (usually solid tumors pressing up on body tissue) Toxic effects from abnormal sectrions *anorexia, *N/V, *Cachexia (weight loss) *fatigue and disordered sleep Hematologic abnormalities: *decreased WBC, RBC, and platelets Infection
26
Grading by cellular characteristics
Description of appearance of tumor *see both solif tumor and hematologic origin to see how undifferentiated the cancer cells are The more undifferentiated the more aggressive cancer cells
27
Staging to detect degree of spread throughout body
Both solid and hematologic tumors are staged Staging criteria is different for the two of them
28
Staging of solid tumors
TNM system: T: tumor size N: nodal involvement (how many lymph nodes have malignant cells) M: metastasis: is it present in distant areas (how far and what size)
29
Cancer in children
Primary types : blood, brain, bone, muscle and embryonic Leukemias (WBCs) Lymphomas (lymphatic tissue) Sarcomas (arising from non-epithelial tissues) *brain tumors *bone tumors *Rhabdomyosarcoma (striated muscle) Embryonic tumors *Retinoblasoma *Wilms tumor, Nephroblastoma
30
2 primary categories of malignant tumors
Lymphatic malignancies Blood malignancies
31
Diagnostic tests for hematologic malignancies
Diagnostic needle aspiration or tissue biopsy of: Lymph nodes or bone marrow
32
Difference between aspiration and biopsy
Relates to how much tissue was extracted Biopsy is a larger sample that includes more architectural details of tissue
33
Lymphoma
Enlarged lymph node Nonpainful and non-moveable Biopsy reveals malignant cells of lymphoid origin whether it is primary lymphoma or metastatic tumor coming from a different place
34
Lymphomas are classified as
Hodgkin Lymphoma Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
35
Hodgkin Lymphoma
Characterized bu presence of the Reed-Sternberg cell (RS Cell) in biopsy
36
Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas (NHL)
Malignant transformation of either T or B lymphocytes Example is Burkitt lymphoma
37
Burkitt lymphoma (Type of Non-Hodgkins lymphoma)
Infection of B cells in lymphoid tissue with Epstein-Barr Virus (EVB) Destructive tumor of the jaw and facial structures
38
Malignancies of the blood
Often present with pancytopenia Refers to decreases in the # of normal cells: WBCs, RBCs, Platelets Overproduction of abnormal cells that are not mature like “Blast” cells or these normal cells Most often arises in the WBC line with overproduction of Leukemic blast cells and decrease of normal WBCs
39
Examples of malignancies of the blood
Myelodysplastic syndrome Leukemias Plasma cell dyscreasias (disorders)
40
Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS)
Dysfunction in production of blood cells (may affect all cell lines = pancytopenia) Can evolve into acute malignant leukemia or remain as a chronic meds for years
41
New treatment for Myelodysplastic Syndrome
Hypomethylating agents Able to reverse “gene silencing” that is caused by MDS
42
Leukemias
Usually WBC abnormal overproduction of immature cells This dysfunction in bone marrow can lead to decreased RBCs and platelets as well = pancytopenia (can be a sign as well)
43
Different types of leukemias
Acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL) Chronic Lymphoid Leukemia (CLL) Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)`
44
Differents of the different leukemia
Is it origin of lymphoid or myeloid Is it acute or chronic (happens early or later in cellular transformation
45
Acute leukemias ALL AML
Rapid proliferation of abnormal WBCs Increased mass of WBCs crowd out RBCs and platelets in bone marrow WBCs not effective at fighting infection Increased WBC death
46
Signs and symptoms of Acute Leukemias ALL AML
Fatigue (decreased RBCs) Low grade fever Night sweats Weight loss Increased susceptibility to infections Abnormal bleeding (decreased platelets) Infiltration of abnormal WBCs into lymphoid tissues Bone pain due to bone marrow expansion
47
Chronic Leukemias CLL CML
Similar to acute leukemias but slower onset and more gradual
48
Pathogensis of leukemias
Etiological factors: *Exposure to carcinogens *Chemotherapy *Genetic predisposition Molecular biological etioloic factors: *Alterations of genes that regulate vlood cell production *Chromosomal alterations of blood forming cells (translocations, inversions, deletions)
49
Plasma cell dyscrasias
Abnormal expansion of clone immunoglobin- producing plasma cells from b lymphocytes Most common type is multiple myeloma
50
Multiple Myeloma
Malignant transformation in the terminal differentiation of plasma cells Osteoclast activity is increased = bone destruction (releasing calcium) = high risk of hypercalcemia and bone fracture.

Bio300 exam 1 (8 decks)

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