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Bio300 exam 1 > Hematology > Flashcards

Hematology Flashcards

1
Q

Lymphadenopathy

A

Enlarged lymphnodes

Infection
Cancer (metastasis, lymphoma)

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2
Q

Lymphedema

A

Blood lymphatic drainage
Surgical removal of lymphatic vessels

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3
Q

Splenomegaly

A

Enlarged spleen

Circulating overload (HF)
Immune disorders
Disorders with breakdown of blood vessels

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4
Q

Leukopenia

A

Decrease WBC

Serious or sustained inflammation
WBCs depleted

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5
Q

Leukocytosis

A

Increase WBCs

Acute bacterial infections
*usually rise in neutrophil or shifted CBC

Chronic inflammatory disorders (rise in monocytosis)

Allergic response or acute parasitic infections (rise in eosinophil)

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6
Q

Rise in monocytes

A

Monocytosis

Chronic inflammatory disorder

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7
Q

Rise in eosinophil

A

Eosinophilia

Allergic responses

Acute parasitic infection

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8
Q

Lymphopenia and lymphocytosis

A

Refers to only when it is both T and B cells.

If it is just one than it will have a different name

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9
Q

Lymphopenia

A

Decrease in lymphocytes both T and B

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10
Q

Lymphocytosis

A

Increase in lymphocytes both T and B

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11
Q

Neutropenia vs neutrophilia

A

Neutropenia: Decrease in neutrophils

Neutrophilia: Increase in neutrophils

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12
Q

Agranulocytosis

A

Absence of/ abnormal decrease of granulocytes

Due to decrease in neutrophils

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13
Q

Absolute neutrophil count (ANC)

A

Total umber of neutrophil’s (segs and bands)

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14
Q

Pancytopenia

A

Decrease in WBCs, RBCs, and platelets

Ex: aplastic anemia: bone marrow fails, decrease in all these cell counts

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15
Q

Shifted WBC diff

A

Increase in neutrophil bands count (immature cells)
*means infection

bone marrow pushing immature neutrophils out too fast

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16
Q

How to recognize a shift in the CBC lab results

A

Increase in neutrophils band count

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17
Q

Significance of a decrease in the “absolute neutrophil count”

A

Risk of infection
(Need to put pt into neutropenic precautions if ANC under 500)

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18
Q

How to calculate the absolute neutrophil count (ANC)

A

% segs + %bands x WBC count
——————————————
100

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19
Q

Aplastic anemia

A

Life threatening
Bone marrow failure

Causes:
Exposure to chemical tocins
Severe adverse effects of drugs

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20
Q

Aplastic

A

Reduction or absence of cells

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21
Q

What would the CBC and bone marrow look like with Aplastic anemia

A

Its a pancytopenia

Means it has decreases in all 3 cell lines
(WBCs, RBCs, Platelets)

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22
Q

Blood smear gives what info

A

Qualitative info:
Shape
Maturity

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23
Q

Normal inflammatory and immune responses

A

Acute inflammation
Adaptive immunity

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24
Q

Sepsis

A

Dysregulated systemic inflammatory response to an infection
(microbial response)

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25
Q

Septic shock

A

Progression of sepsis into shock

Circulatory failure
Blood vessels failing to dysregulate inflammation
(Increase hydrostatic pressure causes edema)

(Microbial infection)

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26
Q

Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)

A

Similar to sepsis and septic shock but without an infection

Excessive inflammation without a cause

(Dont use antimicrobial bc will not help)

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27
Q

Type I, IgE mediated

A

Allergies
mast cells with IgE on them in airway or GI and catch antigen when detected

(Breath it in and catches it)

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28
Q

Type II, antibody-mediated

A

Antibody other than IgE attaches to cell surface and effects it

Ex. Thyroid

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29
Q

Type III, immune complex-mediated

A

Antibody join antigen turn into antibody-antigen complexes

Ex. Lupus in blood

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30
Q

Type IV, cell mediated

A

Recruits T-cytotoxic killer cells

Delayed response

48-72 hours

Ex. Tb test, poison ivy

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31
Q

2 types of hypersensitivity responses with latex allergy

A

Type I. IgE-mediated (life threatening)

Type IV. Cell-mediated (start itching couple days after) *contact dermititis

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32
Q

Graft vs Host

A
  1. Must be immunocompromised
  2. Graft tissue must have competent immune cells
    Ex. Bone marrow transplant
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33
Q

Host vs Graft

A

Host rejects new tissue

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34
Q

Autoimmune response

A

Failure of immune self tolerance

Immune system attacks self

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35
Q

Primary (congenital) born with immunodeficiency disorders

A

B cell deficiency

T cell deficiency

Combined t cell and b cell deficiency

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36
Q

B cell deficiency

A

Different types bc it depends on which one is affected
(Affects immune system)

37
Q

T cell deficiency

A

Digeorge syndrome

22q11.2 deletion syndrome

38
Q

T and b cell deficiency

A

Severe combined immunodeficiency disorder

Effect on CD4 helpers or CD8 killer cells

39
Q

Acquired (not born with it) immunodeficiency disorder

A

HIV and AIDS

40
Q

Blood markers of HIV

A

Particularly CD4 cell counts and viral load

41
Q

How does HIV work and get to AIDS

A

HIV RNA increases
Causing CD4 cells to decrease
Then later it causes CD8 cells to drop

AIDS is when CD4 cells drop to under 200

42
Q

Clinical manifestation of HIV

A

Opportunisitic infections

Neoplastic malignancies

Late stages:
nervous system manifestations
HIV wasting syndrome
metabolic disorders

43
Q

Platelet count

A

Increased = thrombocytosis

Decreased = thrombocytopenia

44
Q

Prothrombin time (PT)

A

Increased:
Takes longer to form clots

*monitors extrinsic pathways

45
Q

Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT)

A

Increased:
Prolonged time to form clot

*intrinsic pathway

46
Q

Fibrinogen

A

Precursor to fibren

47
Q

Fibrin degradation products (fibrin split products)

A

Increase:
increase rate of fibrinlysis (breaking up clots)

48
Q

D-dimer

A

Presense indicates destruction of cross-linked fibrin

49
Q

how does the international normalized ratio (INR) relate to the prothrombin time (PTT)

A

INR : more flexible way to report PTT. Makes a ratio

INR and PTT is the same thing

Increase : prolonged clotting

50
Q

Causes of hypercoagulation
And
Worries about it

A

Increased platelet # or function
Increase coagulation activity

Worried:
Causing too many clots (thrombus or embolus)

51
Q

Thrombus vs embolus

A

Thrombus: clot in blood vessel (DVT)

Embolus: clot that is moving freely through blood vessel until it gets stuck (PE)

52
Q

Risk factors of developing DVT

A

Stasis of venous flow in leg

Injury to endothelial layer of blood vessels

Hyper coagulable state

53
Q

Altered platelet function

A

Can have normal # of platelets
But the function is not normal

so you cant treat with platelets

54
Q

Petechia indicates what about platelet status

A

Insufficient formation of platelet plugs

55
Q

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
(#)

Vs

Aspirin-induced alteration in platelet function
(Function)

A

Heparin: causes abnormal immune complexes that destroy platelets

Aspirin: causes platelets not to be able to activate and get sticky

56
Q

How does liver disorders effect blood coagulation

A

Bleeding problems bc decrease in clotting factor

57
Q

How does vit k deficiency effect blood coagulation

A

Needed for the liver to make clot factors

Decrease =impaired clotting

58
Q

How does decreased calcium effect blood coagulation

A

Cofactor for coagulation

Decrease= impaired clotting

59
Q

Von Willebrand disease
(Disorder of coagulation)

A

Inherited deficiency of vWF

60
Q

Hemophilia A vs B

(Disorder of coagulation)

A

A: inherited deficiency of factor VIII

B: inherited deficiency of factor IX

61
Q

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

A

Excessive formation of abnormal blood clots in blood vessels

Associated with D-Dimer

Get excessive clotting and excessive bleeding

62
Q

Erythrocyte count

A

RBC count

Decrease = not enough carrying capacity for oxygen

63
Q

Hematocrit

A

Percentage of RBCs

Decrease=not enough carrying capacity for oxygen

64
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Decrease= low perfusion or oxygenation

What carry oxygen on RBCs

65
Q

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH)

A

Amount of hgb in cells

Decrease: low hgb in RBCs (in weight)

*Used to see cause of anemia

66
Q

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)

A

Concentration of hgb in cells

Decrease = “Pale” RBCs
(hypochromic)
(Iron deficiency anemia)

*used to see cause of anemia

67
Q

Mean corpuscular volume (MCV)

A

Average size of RBCs

Decrease = too small
Increased= too large

68
Q

Microcytic vs macrocytic

A

Microcytic: small RBCs

Macrocytic: large RBCs

69
Q

Hypochromic

A

Decreased MCHC (concentration of RBCs)

And MCH

70
Q

Reticulocyte

A

Final precursor of erythrocytes

71
Q

What does it mean if we have a reticulocyte imbalance

A

High = anemia due to RBCs getting destroyed too early

Low = anemia (low RBCs)

72
Q

Polycythemica

A

RBC percentage is too high

Increases the viscosity (thickness) of blood

73
Q

How does polycythemica decrease perfusion (therfore increases risk of ischemia and hypoxic-ischemic cell damage)

A

Increase in RBCs mean increased hematocrit which thickens blood and slows down blood

Can be caused by excess of RBCs or deficiency of water in plasma (dehydrated)

74
Q

Polycythemia vera

A

Overproduction of RBCs by the bone marrow

Caused by:

Chronic lung disease (compensatory response to prolonged hypoxia) when kidneys o2 supply is low t releases erythropoietin increasing RBC production

75
Q

Dehydration causes Secondary polycythemia

A

Ex. Hematocrit increased bc of the water deficit

Tx: rehydrating (restoring normal water volume)

76
Q

Anemia

A

Low volume of RBCs
And/Or
Low volume of hemoglobin

77
Q

How do the conditions of low RBC volume and/or low hemoglobin volume disrupt the health of the body?

A

Too thin blood = move too fast (heart murmur)

Decreased oxygen carrying capacity

78
Q

Clinical manifestations of anemia

A

Dizziness
Low perfusion/hypoxia
Weakness
Lightheadedness

Low RBCs/Hgb

79
Q

Microcytic vs macrocytic

A

Microcytic: decreased MCV (RBC smaller)

Macrocytic : increase MCV (RBC bigger)

80
Q

Acute blood loss vs chronic

A

Acute: normocytic and normochromic

Chronic: microcytic and hypochromic

81
Q

Hemolytic anemias

A

Blood transfusion reaction (acquired type)

Sickle cell disease (congenital or primary type)

82
Q

Blood transfusion reaction
(Acquired type of hemolytic anemia)

A

Abnormal destruction of RBCs caused bu hyperbilirubinemia (jaundice)

83
Q

sickle cell disease
(Primary/congenital hemolytic anemia)

A

RBCs change shape and cant carry oxygen

84
Q

Anemias of deficient RBC production

A

Microcytic anemias (Small RBCs)

Megaloblastic anemias (Large RBCs)

85
Q

Microcytic anemias
(Small RBCs)

A

Iron deficiency anemia

86
Q

Megaloblastic anemias
(Large RBCs)

A

Folic acid deficiency anemia

Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia

Pernicious anemia

87
Q

Other types of anemia

A

Aplastic anemia

Anemia of chronic disease

88
Q

Aplastic anemia

A

Bone marrow failure affecting all 3 blood cell lines
(RBCs, WBCs, Platelets)

89
Q

Anemia of chronic disease

A

“Rule out disorder”
When you cant find cause

Bio300 exam 1 (8 decks)

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