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Bio300 exam 1 > Electrolyte > Flashcards

Electrolyte Flashcards

1
Q

Anions

A

Negative charge

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2
Q

Cations

A

Positive charge

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3
Q

Major ECF electrolytes

A

Sodium
Calcium
Chloride
Bicarbonate

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4
Q

Major ICF electrolytes

A

Potassium
Magnesium
Phosphates
Negatively charged proteins

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5
Q

Sodium

A

Major osmole in the plasma

135-145

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6
Q

Potassium

A

Plays a primary role in maintaining the resting membrane potential of cells

3.5 - 5

Alterations in potassium balance disrupt the function fo excitable cells (nerve and muscle)

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7
Q

Ion channles

A

Proteins in cell membrane

Maintenance of electrical and chemical balance across the cell membrane

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8
Q

Resting membrane potentials

A

Determined by the concentration of potassium ion

Expressed thru the Nernst equation for potassium ion

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9
Q

Nernst equation for potassium ion

A

35 (K+ inside)
——————
1 (K+ outside)

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10
Q

Relationships of potassium ion with H+

A

Plasma membrane of cells share transport pump for K+ and H+

If ECF is too high in K+, then it is pumped into the cell in exchanged for ICF H+

The reverse can also occur

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11
Q

Relationships of potassium ion with (Insulin and Epinephrine)

A

Either will increase the activity of the NA+/K+ active transport pump (drives more K+ inside the cell)

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12
Q

Why should insulin always be administered with glucose

A

To prevent hypoglycemia

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13
Q

What cautions do you have to take with Epinephrine infusion

A

Increased HR, BP and vasoconstriction

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14
Q

Because of the shared transport proteins for K+ and H+ in the cell membrane

A

Hyperkalemia creates a risk for acidosis

Acidosis creates a risk for hyperkalemia

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15
Q

How do potassium imbalances alter electrical excitability?

A

Controls the resting potential Normal 35/1 ratio

35 K+ inside cell
1 K+ outside cell

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16
Q

Hyperkalemia effects

A

Raises resting potential toward threshold
*increases electrical excitability

When RP reaches Threshold, Na+ gates open and cannot close (CARDIAC ARREST) bc no action potential can be transmitted

Widened QRS

17
Q

Hypokalemia effects

A

Lowers resting potential

Decreases electrical excitability

18
Q

Calcium ion Ca++

A

Acts as a chemical mediator in coagulation cascade and activation of enzymes

Needed for muscle contraction (actin/myosin binding)
*binds to troponin to more troponin-tropomyosin complex out of the way to uncover myosin for the actin molcule

19
Q

What does calcium do for electrical excitability of cells

A

Action potential in Cardiac ventricular muscle

*creates the plateau phase of the action potential in ventricular muscles. It does this by leaking into the cells even while K+ is leaving trying to repolarize

20
Q

Calcium imbalance

A

Calcium binds to other stuff so it has two numbers

Total calcium vs ionized (Free) calcium

Ionized : 4.5-5
Total : 8.5-10.5

If either is low = hypocalcemia
If either is high = hypercalcemia

21
Q

Where is calcium

A

99% in bones

1% ICF

0.1-0.2 ECF
*50% is free (only one used in metabolic reactions
*10% complexed (bound to neg ions to create chemical compounds)
*40% protein (carrier proteins)

22
Q

Calcium transport in blood

A

Calcium and hydrogen compete for binding with carrier proteins (reversible reaction)

Calcium proteinate + hydrogen

Hydrogen proteinate + calcium

Depends which one has more on who binds

23
Q

Because Ca and H competing this causes what?

A

Hypercalcemia (serum) creates risk for acidosis (increased H)
*bc the Ca will bind to protein leaving too much Hydrogen in blood

Acidosis (increased H) creates a risk for hypercalcemia (serum)
*bc the H will bind to protein leaving too much Ca in blood

24
Q

Clinical manifestation of hypocalcemia and hypercalcemia

A

Hypocalcemia lowers threshold potential
*easier to generate action potential
(tetany of muscles)

Hypercalcemia raises threshold potential
*difficult to generate action potential
(Muscle weakness)

causes : heart and skeletal muscle problems

25
Q

Why do we give calcium gluconate for hyperkalemia

A

Increased potassium increases resting potential which puts us at risk for cardiac arrest

Increased calcium will increase the threshold making RP and threshold further apart

26
Q

Phosphate imbalance

A

Stored in bones
Decreased phosphate:
*bone issues
*decreased ATP production

Inverse relationship with calcium within blood and bone concentration

27
Q

Hypophosphatemia

A

Neuro
Musculskeletal
Blood disorders

28
Q

Hyperphosphatemia

A

Neuromuscular
Cardiovascular

29
Q

Magnesium imbalances

A

More neuromuscular than phosphate
Increased magnesium:
*muscle weakness in all 3 types of muscles

Also effects decreased neuro activity
*can be given to cause neuro depression to prevent seizures

Bio300 exam 1 (8 decks)

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