Neo-Freudian research Flashcards

1
Q

What is anxiety?

A
  • unpleasant emotional experience
  • feelings of worry, panic, fear, dread
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2
Q

What are the 3 types of anxiety according to Freud?

A
  • reality/object anxiety
  • neurotic anxiety
  • moral anxiety
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3
Q

What is reality/object anxiety?

A
  • Response to a perceived threat in the real world
  • you are aware of the source of your emotional reaction
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4
Q

What is neurotic anxiety?

A
  • when unacceptable id impulses are dangerously close to breaking into consciousness
  • leads the ego to use defense mechanisms
  • not aware
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5
Q

What is moral anxiety?

A
  • superego
  • response to id impulses that violate the superego’s strict moral code
  • guilt, shame
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6
Q

What are defense mechanisms?

A
  • unconscious processes
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7
Q

What are coping strategies?

A
  • conscious efforts
  • cope/reduce anxiety in the face of a perceived threat
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8
Q

Which gender uses more coping strategies?

A
  • women
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9
Q

Does everyone use the same coping strategies?

A
  • no
  • varies from person to person (extent and type)
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10
Q

What is a coping style?

A
  • person’s general approach to dealing with stress
  • coping strategies tend to be consistent across time and situations
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11
Q

What are the different ways people deal with watching a disturbing event?

A
  • emotionally detach
  • denial
  • intellectualization
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12
Q

What is the repression-sensitization dimension of personality?

A
  • repressors and sensitizers
  • repressors avoid threatening situations, try not to think about it
  • sensitizers find out as much as possible, asap, can make effective action
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13
Q

What are the types of coping strategies?

A
  • problem focused strategies
  • emotion focused strategies
  • avoidance strategies
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14
Q

What are coping strategies where people take an active role to deal with the problem?

A
  • sensitizers
  • problem focused strategies (aim at source of stress)
  • emotion focused strategies (focus on emotional reaction to experience)
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15
Q

What are coping strategies where people try to avoid the problem?

A
  • repressors (repression strategy)
  • avoidance strategies
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16
Q

What are problem focused strategies?

A
  • take care of problem
  • overcome anxiety
  • making plans to deal with the problem makes them feel better than doing nothing
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17
Q

What are emotion focused strategies?

A
  • reduce emotional distress
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18
Q

What are avoidance strategies?

A
  • pushing problem (anxiety provoking situation) out of awareness
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19
Q

What gender is more likely to use emotion focused strategies?

A
  • women
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20
Q

What gender is more likely to use problem focused strategies?

A
  • men
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21
Q

How effective are coping strategies?

A
  • using some are better than none
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22
Q

What is the most effective coping strategy?

A
  • active strategies
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23
Q

How effective are avoidance strategies?

A
  • rarely successful in reducing anxiety or helping people overcome tragedy
  • ineffective when coping with serious problems
  • poor choice with less severe stress
  • rely on, more susceptible to bouts of depression
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24
Q

What are long term consequences from extensive reliance on avoidance strategies?

A
  • turn to ineffective strategies as adults
  • more vulnerable to stress-related health problems
  • create additional problems
  • risk for alcohol problems, delinquent behaviour, substance abuse
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25
What are advantages to using avoidance strategies?
- help in the short run - stressors that are mild and under person's control
26
When should we use problem focused vs. emotion focused strategies?
- depends on situation - if resolve situation = problem focused - if situation out of our control/can't be changed = emotion focused
27
What is coping flexibility?
- ability to effectively utilize different coping strategies - adjust the use of different coping strategies according to a given situation - more flexible, deal with problems more effectively
28
What do people high in coping flexibility have?
- higher sense of well being - experience fewer emotional problems - better deal with life's problems
29
What is resilience?
- able to function well at work and in personal relationships after loss or trauma
30
What protective psychological factors do people who are resilient possess?
- optimistic - high self esteem - maintain positive emotions - high in coping flexibility - rely on strong network for support
31
What are protective psychological factors?
- personal characteristics that help people buffer the effects of major stressors
32
What is Freud's idea of aggression?
- result of frustrated libido (pleasure seeking impulse blocked) - death instinct, instinctual desire to destroy ourselves - ego makes instinct turn outward, aggression toward others
33
What is the frustration-aggression hypothesis?
- Aggression is always a consequence of frustration - Occurrence of aggressive behavior always presupposes the existence of frustration - Contrariwise, the existence of frustration always leads to some form of aggression - one cause of aggression = frustration - one response to frustration = aggression
34
According to the frustration-aggression hypothesis when does aggression cease?
- when people experience catharsis
35
What is catharsis?
- release of tension - release of psychic energy (Freud)
36
What is the modified frustration-aggression hypothesis?
- Frustration leads to indirect expressions of aggression - frustration always leads to aggression, but not always in obvious ways
37
What are types of indirect expressions of aggression?
- Displacing the aggression to a new target - Attacking the source of frustration in an indirect manner - Using sublimation
38
What is the new approach to frustration and aggression?
- highly frustrated people act with more aggression than less frustrated people - frustration is only one of many negative emotions that increase aggression - the question is not whether even is frustrating but how unpleasant the accompanying emotion is - frustration facilitated aggression only to the extent that it is perceived as unpleasant - thoughts that create negative feelings make more unpleasant, increase chance of aggression - thoughts that decrease negative feelings reduce chance of aggression
39
What are the advantages of the new approach at frustration and aggression?
- Explains why frustration does not always lead to aggression - Clarifies why certain thoughts increase or decrease the likelihood of acting aggressively
40
What is displaced aggression?
- displace aggression from a frustrating source to an innocent target - direct anger toward someone undeserving of it - displaced aggression can be passed down
41
What is triggered displaced aggression?
- targets of displaced aggression have done something to annoy but response is way out of proportion to small offence - overreacting aggressively to a small offence or a minor annoyance
42
When does triggered displaced aggression occur?
- encounter minor annoyance (otherwise would tolerate or ignore) - convenient target nearby on which we displace our feelings
43
What is a prediction of the frustration-aggression hypothesis?
- Need to aggress is reduced after a cathartic release of tension
44
What is the aggression-breeds-aggression hypothesis?
- cathartic reaction does not reduce aggression - acting aggressively increases the tendency to aggress
45
Why does aggression breed aggression?
- Acting aggressively leads to a kind of disinhibition - Presence of aggressive cues - Cathartic release of tension feels good
46
What is object relations theory?
- place emphasis on early childhood experiences - Children develop an unconscious representation of significant objects in environment (primary caregiver) - object to relate to in physical absence of parent - kind of attachment children feel with their parents influences their ability to develop meaningful attachments with significant others as adults
47
Who are the main theorists in attachment theory?
- John Bowlby - Mary Ainsworth
48
What is attachment theory?
- Describes the attachment relationships between infants and their caregivers
49
What are attachment relationships?
- emotional bonds between parents and child - meet our human need to form attachments with supportive and protective other
50
What are the 3 types of parent child relationships?
- secure - anxious-ambivalent - avoidant
51
What is a secure relationship?
- Mothers are attentive and responsive to their child - infant understands that mother is responsive and accessible even if she is not physically present - happy and self confident
52
What is a anxious-ambivalent relationship?
- Mothers not particularly attentive or responsive to the child’s needs - children anxious when mother leaves - not easily calmed - afraid of unfamiliar situations
53
What is an avoidant relationship?
- Mothers are not very responsive to the child - Child becomes aloof and emotionally detached from the mother - do not become anxious when she leaves - not interested when she returns
54
What happens when attachment needs are met?
- experience love and trust - see selves as lovable and trustworthy - see relations with others as source of love and support
55
What happens if our attachment needs are not met?
- less healthy self image - become suspicious and mistrusting
56
What happens with secure adults?
- describe positive relationships with parents and a warm and trusting family environment - get close to others - easily trust and depend on others
57
What happens with anxious-ambivalent adults?
- recall little parental support - insecure - demanding - overwhelming - require so much attention, scare away potential partner
58
What happens with avoidant adults?
- describe their relationships with family members as distrustful and emotionally distant - fear of getting too close and being vulnerable - wary of emotional commitments - fear of being hurt by separation
59
What is an alternate model of attachment styles?
2 dimensions - fear of abandonment - fear of closeness and dependency 4 categories: - secure - anxious ambivalent/preoccupied - avoidant/dismissing - disoriented/fearful
60
What is secure attachment?
- comfortable with closeness - don't fear abandonment - seek out and comfortable with close relationships
61
What is avoidant/dismissing attachment?
- don't fear abandonment - deep seated mistrust of others - shy away from close relationships - reluctant to trust others - fear of being hurt
62
What is anxious-ambivalent/preoccupied attachment?
- unlovable - fear of abandonment - lack self worth - seek self acceptance
63
What is disoriented/fearful attachment?
- unworthy of love - doubt romantic partner will provide intimacy - avoid getting close - fear pain of rejection
64
Which attachment style leads to more satisfying romantic relationships?
- secure
65
Secure attachment style and romantic relationships
- characterize relationship as loving, strong commitment, trusting - accept and support - conversations warm and intimate - share personal info
66
Avoidant attachment style and romantic relationships
- fear of intimacy and problems with jealousy - romance doesn't last - don't share affection or intimacy - criticize partner - don't recognize efforts - hesitant to commit - vulnerable to cheating
67
Anxious-ambivalent attachment style and romantic relationships
- fall in love a lot - difficult finding long term - afraid of losing partner - give into parter's wishes - unrequited love - won't break up even if needs not met