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Psych 332 (personality) > Neo-Freudian research > Flashcards

Neo-Freudian research Flashcards

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1
Q

What is anxiety?

A
  • unpleasant emotional experience
  • feelings of worry, panic, fear, dread
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2
Q

What are the 3 types of anxiety according to Freud?

A
  • reality/object anxiety
  • neurotic anxiety
  • moral anxiety
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3
Q

What is reality/object anxiety?

A
  • Response to a perceived threat in the real world
  • you are aware of the source of your emotional reaction
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4
Q

What is neurotic anxiety?

A
  • when unacceptable id impulses are dangerously close to breaking into consciousness
  • leads the ego to use defense mechanisms
  • not aware
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5
Q

What is moral anxiety?

A
  • superego
  • response to id impulses that violate the superego’s strict moral code
  • guilt, shame
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6
Q

What are defense mechanisms?

A
  • unconscious processes
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7
Q

What are coping strategies?

A
  • conscious efforts
  • cope/reduce anxiety in the face of a perceived threat
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8
Q

Which gender uses more coping strategies?

A
  • women
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9
Q

Does everyone use the same coping strategies?

A
  • no
  • varies from person to person (extent and type)
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10
Q

What is a coping style?

A
  • person’s general approach to dealing with stress
  • coping strategies tend to be consistent across time and situations
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11
Q

What are the different ways people deal with watching a disturbing event?

A
  • emotionally detach
  • denial
  • intellectualization
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12
Q

What is the repression-sensitization dimension of personality?

A
  • repressors and sensitizers
  • repressors avoid threatening situations, try not to think about it
  • sensitizers find out as much as possible, asap, can make effective action
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13
Q

What are the types of coping strategies?

A
  • problem focused strategies
  • emotion focused strategies
  • avoidance strategies
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14
Q

What are coping strategies where people take an active role to deal with the problem?

A
  • sensitizers
  • problem focused strategies (aim at source of stress)
  • emotion focused strategies (focus on emotional reaction to experience)
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15
Q

What are coping strategies where people try to avoid the problem?

A
  • repressors (repression strategy)
  • avoidance strategies
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16
Q

What are problem focused strategies?

A
  • take care of problem
  • overcome anxiety
  • making plans to deal with the problem makes them feel better than doing nothing
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17
Q

What are emotion focused strategies?

A
  • reduce emotional distress
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18
Q

What are avoidance strategies?

A
  • pushing problem (anxiety provoking situation) out of awareness
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19
Q

What gender is more likely to use emotion focused strategies?

A
  • women
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20
Q

What gender is more likely to use problem focused strategies?

A
  • men
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21
Q

How effective are coping strategies?

A
  • using some are better than none
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22
Q

What is the most effective coping strategy?

A
  • active strategies
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23
Q

How effective are avoidance strategies?

A
  • rarely successful in reducing anxiety or helping people overcome tragedy
  • ineffective when coping with serious problems
  • poor choice with less severe stress
  • rely on, more susceptible to bouts of depression
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24
Q

What are long term consequences from extensive reliance on avoidance strategies?

A
  • turn to ineffective strategies as adults
  • more vulnerable to stress-related health problems
  • create additional problems
  • risk for alcohol problems, delinquent behaviour, substance abuse
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25
Q

What are advantages to using avoidance strategies?

A
  • help in the short run
  • stressors that are mild and under person’s control
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26
Q

When should we use problem focused vs. emotion focused strategies?

A
  • depends on situation
  • if resolve situation = problem focused
  • if situation out of our control/can’t be changed = emotion focused
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27
Q

What is coping flexibility?

A
  • ability to effectively utilize different coping strategies
  • adjust the use of different coping strategies according to a given situation
  • more flexible, deal with problems more effectively
28
Q

What do people high in coping flexibility have?

A
  • higher sense of well being
  • experience fewer emotional problems
  • better deal with life’s problems
29
Q

What is resilience?

A
  • able to function well at work and in personal relationships after loss or trauma
30
Q

What protective psychological factors do people who are resilient possess?

A
  • optimistic
  • high self esteem
  • maintain positive emotions
  • high in coping flexibility
  • rely on strong network for support
31
Q

What are protective psychological factors?

A
  • personal characteristics that help people buffer the effects of major stressors
32
Q

What is Freud’s idea of aggression?

A
  • result of frustrated libido (pleasure seeking impulse blocked)
  • death instinct, instinctual desire to destroy ourselves
  • ego makes instinct turn outward, aggression toward others
33
Q

What is the frustration-aggression hypothesis?

A
  • Aggression is always a consequence of frustration
  • Occurrence of aggressive behavior always presupposes the existence of frustration
  • Contrariwise, the existence of frustration always leads to some form of aggression
  • one cause of aggression = frustration
  • one response to frustration = aggression
34
Q

According to the frustration-aggression hypothesis when does aggression cease?

A
  • when people experience catharsis
35
Q

What is catharsis?

A
  • release of tension
  • release of psychic energy (Freud)
36
Q

What is the modified frustration-aggression hypothesis?

A
  • Frustration leads to indirect expressions of aggression
  • frustration always leads to aggression, but not always in obvious ways
37
Q

What are types of indirect expressions of aggression?

A
  • Displacing the aggression to a new target
  • Attacking the source of frustration in an indirect manner
  • Using sublimation
38
Q

What is the new approach to frustration and aggression?

A
  • highly frustrated people act with more aggression than less frustrated people
  • frustration is only one of many negative emotions that increase aggression
  • the question is not whether even is frustrating but how unpleasant the accompanying emotion is
  • frustration facilitated aggression only to the extent that it is perceived as unpleasant
  • thoughts that create negative feelings make more unpleasant, increase chance of aggression
  • thoughts that decrease negative feelings reduce chance of aggression
39
Q

What are the advantages of the new approach at frustration and aggression?

A
  • Explains why frustration does not always lead to aggression
  • Clarifies why certain thoughts increase or decrease the likelihood of acting aggressively
40
Q

What is displaced aggression?

A
  • displace aggression from a frustrating source to an innocent target
  • direct anger toward someone undeserving of it
  • displaced aggression can be passed down
41
Q

What is triggered displaced aggression?

A
  • targets of displaced aggression have done something to annoy but response is way out of proportion to small offence
  • overreacting aggressively to a small offence or a minor annoyance
42
Q

When does triggered displaced aggression occur?

A
  • encounter minor annoyance (otherwise would tolerate or ignore)
  • convenient target nearby on which we displace our feelings
43
Q

What is a prediction of the frustration-aggression hypothesis?

A
  • Need to aggress is reduced after a cathartic release of tension
44
Q

What is the aggression-breeds-aggression hypothesis?

A
  • cathartic reaction does not reduce aggression
  • acting aggressively increases the tendency to aggress
45
Q

Why does aggression breed aggression?

A
  • Acting aggressively leads to a kind of disinhibition
  • Presence of aggressive cues
  • Cathartic release of tension feels good
46
Q

What is object relations theory?

A
  • place emphasis on early childhood experiences
  • Children develop an unconscious representation of significant objects in environment (primary caregiver)
  • object to relate to in physical absence of parent
  • kind of attachment children feel with their parents influences their ability to develop meaningful attachments with significant others as adults
47
Q

Who are the main theorists in attachment theory?

A
  • John Bowlby
  • Mary Ainsworth
48
Q

What is attachment theory?

A
  • Describes the attachment relationships between infants and their caregivers
49
Q

What are attachment relationships?

A
  • emotional bonds between parents and child
  • meet our human need to form attachments with supportive and protective other
50
Q

What are the 3 types of parent child relationships?

A
  • secure
  • anxious-ambivalent
  • avoidant
51
Q

What is a secure relationship?

A
  • Mothers are attentive and responsive to their child
  • infant understands that mother is responsive and accessible even if she is not physically present
  • happy and self confident
52
Q

What is a anxious-ambivalent relationship?

A
  • Mothers not particularly attentive or responsive to the child’s needs
  • children anxious when mother leaves
  • not easily calmed
  • afraid of unfamiliar situations
53
Q

What is an avoidant relationship?

A
  • Mothers are not very responsive to the child
  • Child becomes aloof and emotionally detached from the mother
  • do not become anxious when she leaves
  • not interested when she returns
54
Q

What happens when attachment needs are met?

A
  • experience love and trust
  • see selves as lovable and trustworthy
  • see relations with others as source of love and support
55
Q

What happens if our attachment needs are not met?

A
  • less healthy self image
  • become suspicious and mistrusting
56
Q

What happens with secure adults?

A
  • describe positive relationships with parents and a warm and trusting family environment
  • get close to others
  • easily trust and depend on others
57
Q

What happens with anxious-ambivalent adults?

A
  • recall little parental support
  • insecure
  • demanding
  • overwhelming
  • require so much attention, scare away potential partner
58
Q

What happens with avoidant adults?

A
  • describe their relationships with family members as distrustful and emotionally distant
  • fear of getting too close and being vulnerable
  • wary of emotional commitments
  • fear of being hurt by separation
59
Q

What is an alternate model of attachment styles?

A

2 dimensions
- fear of abandonment
- fear of closeness and dependency
4 categories:
- secure
- anxious ambivalent/preoccupied
- avoidant/dismissing
- disoriented/fearful

60
Q

What is secure attachment?

A
  • comfortable with closeness
  • don’t fear abandonment
  • seek out and comfortable with close relationships
61
Q

What is avoidant/dismissing attachment?

A
  • don’t fear abandonment
  • deep seated mistrust of others
  • shy away from close relationships
  • reluctant to trust others
  • fear of being hurt
62
Q

What is anxious-ambivalent/preoccupied attachment?

A
  • unlovable
  • fear of abandonment
  • lack self worth
  • seek self acceptance
63
Q

What is disoriented/fearful attachment?

A
  • unworthy of love
  • doubt romantic partner will provide intimacy
  • avoid getting close
  • fear pain of rejection
64
Q

Which attachment style leads to more satisfying romantic relationships?

A
  • secure
65
Q

Secure attachment style and romantic relationships

A
  • characterize relationship as loving, strong commitment, trusting
  • accept and support
  • conversations warm and intimate
  • share personal info
66
Q

Avoidant attachment style and romantic relationships

A
  • fear of intimacy and problems with jealousy
  • romance doesn’t last
  • don’t share affection or intimacy
  • criticize partner
  • don’t recognize efforts
  • hesitant to commit
  • vulnerable to cheating
67
Q

Anxious-ambivalent attachment style and romantic relationships

A
  • fall in love a lot
  • difficult finding long term
  • afraid of losing partner
  • give into parter’s wishes
  • unrequited love
  • won’t break up even if needs not met

Psych 332 (personality) (9 decks)

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