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Psych 332 (personality) > Intro > Flashcards

Intro Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the dictionary definition of personality?

A
  • state of being a person
  • characteristics and qualities that form a person’s distinctive character
  • sum total of a person’s physical, mental, emotional and social characteristics
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2
Q

What is the textbook definition of personality?

A
  • consistent behaviour patterns and intrapersonal processes originating within the individual
  • individual differences
  • consistent behaviour patterns across time and situations
  • external sources influence personality
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3
Q

What are interpersonal processes?

A
  • take place between people
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4
Q

What are intrapersonal processes?

A
  • all the emotional, motivational, and cognitive processes that go on inside of us that affect how we act and feel
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5
Q

What is the psychological definition of personality?

A
  • unique and relatively enduring internal and external aspects of a person’s character
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6
Q

What is the APA definition of personality?

A
  • the enduring configuration of characteristics and behaviour that comprises an individual’s unique adjustment to life, including major traits, interests, drives, values, self-concept, abilities, and emotional patterns
  • personality is generally viewed as a complex, dynamic integration or totality shapes by many forces, including hereditary and constitutional tendencies; physical maturation; early training; identification with significant individuals and groups; culturally conditioned values and roles; and critical experiences and relationships
  • various theories explain the structure and development of personality in different ways, but all agree that personality helps determine behaviour
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7
Q

What are traits?

A
  • personality characteristics that determine a person’s behaviour or by which it can be explained
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8
Q

What are interests?

A
  • something that is significant to the individual or that arouses an individual’s attention
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9
Q

What are drives?

A
  • a ready state of action, motivating a person to attain a goal
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10
Q

What are values?

A
  • a moral principal for what is considered good or bad
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11
Q

What is self-concept?

A
  • one’s description of oneself
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12
Q

What is ability?

A
  • what someone is capable of doing
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13
Q

What are emotional patterns?

A
  • ways in which people react emotionally to events
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14
Q

What is the relationship between the person and the situation?

A
  • both the situation and the person contribute to behaviour
  • how we act depends on the situation
  • how people typically respond to environmental demands, but not everyone reacts the same
  • individual’s personality determines:
    1) how different they are from others
    2) how they behave in the different situations
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15
Q

Who came up with the Five Factor Model?

A
  • McRae and Costa
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16
Q

What is the Five Factor Model?

A
  • there are five big personality dimensions
  • OCEAN
    1) openness to experience
    2) conscientiousness
    3) extraversion
    4) agreeableness
    5) neuroticism/emotional stability
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17
Q

What does it mean to be high on openness?

A
  • imaginative
  • curious
  • open to new ideas
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18
Q

What does it mean to be low on openness?

A
  • narrow field of interests
  • likes the tried and true
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19
Q

What does it mean to be high on conscientiousness?

A
  • responsible
  • dependable
  • goal oriented
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20
Q

What does it mean to be low on conscientiousness?

A
  • impulsive
  • carefree
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21
Q

What does it mean to be high on extraversion?

A
  • outgoing
  • energetic
  • gregarious
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22
Q

What does it mean to be low on extraversion?

A
  • quiet
  • withdrawn
  • unassertive
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23
Q

What does it mean to be high on agreeableness?

A
  • warm
  • considerate
  • good natured
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24
Q

What does it mean to be low on agreeableness?

A
  • aloof
  • easily irritated
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25
Q

What does it mean to be high (low) on neuroticism (emotional stability)?

A
  • moody
  • tense
  • lower self confidence
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26
Q

What does it mean to be low (high) on neuroticism (emotional stability)?

A
  • stable
  • confident
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27
Q

Which of the big five have a positive relationship with sales?

A
  • conscientiousness and openness
  • high conscientiousness would know how to answer questions
  • high openness are more adaptable and learn new things
  • so high in both makes good sales person
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28
Q

Which of the big five have a negative relationship with sales?

A
  • agreeableness
  • not good to always agree and not know right answers
  • competitive environment so not good to be agreeable
  • high in agreeableness makes worse sales person
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29
Q

Which of the big five have a significant relationship with sales?

A
  • extraversion and neuroticism
  • high extraversion is good for sales
  • low neuroticism is good for sales
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30
Q

Can personality be tested?

A
  • no
  • no such thing as personality tests
  • personality assessments or inventories
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31
Q

How is the big five assessed?

A
  • Q-sort items: sort cards with traits in order of what best fits with personality
  • people measured on scales, items that have to do with each trait
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32
Q

How do people present themselves on social media?

A
  • people generally present themselves as they are
  • at least as accurate as face to face
  • people show themselves as more emotionally stable (positive correlation on how people rated them and how they rated themselves)
  • introverted, neurotic, lonely, socially awkward may find it easier to express their true selves
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33
Q

Do selfies make people more or less likable?

A
  • people who post selfies are rated more negatively
  • self absorbed, low self esteem, lonely…
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34
Q

How can social media use impact a person?

A

associated (correlation) with
- anxiety and depression
- perceived isolation
- lower self-esteem
- less healthy activity
- disrupted concentration
- sleep deprivation
- lonely
- introverted
- Link to depression for those high in neuroticism but not fore those high in agreeableness

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35
Q

How does social media reflect personality?

A
  • more extraverted
  • open to new experiences
  • less conscientious
  • lower emotional stability
  • lower self esteem
  • lower socialization skills
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36
Q

What are the six approaches to personality?

A
  • psychoanalytic approach
  • trait approach
  • biological approach
  • humanistic approach
  • behavioural/social learning approach
  • cognitive approach
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37
Q

What is the psychoanalytic approach?

A
  • unconscious mind is responsible for important differences in behaviour styles
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38
Q

What is the trait approach?

A
  • an individual lies along a continuum of various personality characteristics
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39
Q

What is the biological approach?

A
  • inherited predispositions and physiological processes contribute to differences in personality
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40
Q

What is the humanistic approach?

A
  • personal responsibility and feelings of self-acceptance cause differences in personality
41
Q

What is the behavioural/social learning approach?

A
  • consistent behaviour patterns are the result of conditioning and expectations
42
Q

What is the cognitive approach?

A
  • differences in the way people process information explains differences in behaviour
43
Q

What are examples of the biological approach?

A
  • Eysenck’s arousal hypothesis
  • sensation seeking (reward deficiency syndrome)
  • affective neuroscience theory
44
Q

What is Eysenck’s arousal hypothesis?

A
  • argued that introverts had high cortical arousal, leading them to avoid stimulation
  • extraverts had low cortical arousal, which is associated with an unpleasant experience, causing them to seek out stimulating experiences
  • extraverts seek situations that may increase their arousal, thus they engage in extraverted behaviour
45
Q

What is reward deficiency sundrome?

A
  • sensation seekers, because of their lower numbers of inherited D2 receptors, are constantly motivated by the search for more intense sources of rewards
  • high sensation seekers are more prone to having problems with self-control, drug abuse, risky sexual behaviour, and aggressive behaviour
46
Q

Who proposed reward deficiency syndrome?

A
  • Kenneth Blum
47
Q

What is affective neuroscience theory?

A
  • Jaak Panksepp’s primary emotional systems
  • personality is due to the differential contribution between people of brain systems
  • we’re difference because of different inherited activity in certain brain areas
  • relating personality dimensions to brain areas and neurotransmitters
48
Q

What are the affective prototypes (personality dimensions) in the affective neuroscience theory?

A
  • seeking
  • rage
  • fear
  • lust
  • care
  • panic
  • play
49
Q

What is the seeking system?

A
  • generalized motivational arousal
50
Q

What is the rage system?

A
  • affective attack
  • anger?
51
Q

What is the lust system?

A
  • sexuality
52
Q

What is the care system?

A
  • nurturance/maternal
53
Q

What is the panic system?

A
  • separation distress
  • social bonding
54
Q

What is the play system?

A
  • social joy
  • affection
55
Q

What is an examples of the humanistic approach?

A
  • Maslow’s hierarchy of human needs
56
Q

What are the steps in Maslow’s hierarchy of human needs?

A
  • physiological needs
  • safety needs
  • love and belonging
  • esteem
  • self-actualization
    need to fulfill one before moving on
57
Q

What are physiological needs?

A
  • air
  • water
  • food
  • shelter
  • sleep
  • clothing
  • reproduction
58
Q

What are safety needs?

A
  • personal security
  • employment
  • resources
  • health
  • property
59
Q

What are love and belonging needs?

A
  • friendship
  • intimacy
  • family
  • sense of connection
60
Q

What are esteem needs?

A
  • respect
  • self-esteem
  • status
  • recognition
  • strength
  • freedom
61
Q

What are self-actualization needs?

A
  • desire to become the most that one can be
  • aware of all potentials
62
Q

What needs to most people think are unimportant?

A
  • self actualization
  • safety and esteem?
63
Q

What needs to most people think are important?

A
  • belonging
  • physiological needs
64
Q

How is openness linked with Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and Panksepp’s primary emotional systems?

A
  • most strongly correlated with self-actualization
  • self-actualization
  • seeking
  • Seeking aligns with curiosity, creativity, and the desire to explore and grow, which are central to openness and Maslow’s highest need for self-actualization
65
Q

How is conscientiousness linked with Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and Panksepp’s primary emotional systems?

A
  • most strongly correlated with self-actualization
  • esteem and self-actualization
  • no association with primary emotional system
  • Conscientiousness, related to self-discipline and goal orientation, aligns with the needs for achievement, respect, and reaching one’s full potential
66
Q

How is extraversion linked with Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and Panksepp’s primary emotional systems?

A
  • most strongly correlated with esteem
  • love-belonging
  • play
  • Play represents social engagement, joy, and relationships, which support extraversion and correspond to the need for connection, friendship, and belonging
67
Q

How is agreeableness linked with Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and Panksepp’s primary emotional systems?

A
  • most strongly correlated with belonging
  • love/belonging and safety
  • high care/low anger
  • Care fosters compassion and harmonious social relationships, while low anger supports trust, aligning with the needs for love, acceptance, and social security
68
Q

How is neuroticism linked with Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and Panksepp’s primary emotional systems?

A
  • strongly and negatively correlated with all of Maslow’s needs; strongest association with esteem (high neuroticism, low self-esteem)
  • safety
  • high sadness/high fear/high anger
  • The emotional systems underlying neuroticism (fear, sadness, anger) reflect concerns with safety, stability, and protection from harm
69
Q

What is the psychoanalytic explanation for aggression?

A
  • unconscious death instinct
  • unconscious desire to self destruct
  • self-destructive impulses may be turned outward and expressed against others
  • aggression results when blocked from reaching our goals
  • person is unaware of the real reasons of the aggression
70
Q

What is the trait approach explanation for aggression?

A
  • individual differences and the stability of aggressive behaviour
  • children identified as aggressive in elementary school were the most likely to have become aggressive adults
71
Q

What is the biological explanation for aggression?

A
  • genetic predisposition
  • born with aggressive dispositions that, depending on their upbringing, result in their becoming aggressive adults
  • evolutionary theory: male inherited ned to exercise control over rivals
  • role of hormones and neurotransmitters play in behaviour
72
Q

What is the humanistic explanation for aggression?

A
  • people are basically good
  • all people can become happy, nonviolent adults if allowed to grow and develop in an enriching and encouraging environment
  • problems (aggression) arises when something interferes with the natural growth process
  • basic needs not met, poor self-image
73
Q

What is the behavioural/social learning explanation for aggression?

A
  • learn to be aggressive
  • find that aggressive behaviour is rewarded
  • become aggressive from watching models
74
Q

What is the cognitive explanation for aggression?

A
  • certain cues in the environment trigger a network of aggressive thoughts and emotions
  • when aggressive thoughts are highly accessible, people are more likely to interpret situations as threatening and respond to perceived threats with violence
75
Q

What is the psychoanalytic explanation for depression?

A
  • anger turned inward
  • unconscious feeling of anger and hostility
  • we have internalized the standards and values of society which discourages the expression of hostility so we take it out on ourselves
  • takes place at unconscious level
76
Q

What is the trait approach explanation for depression?

A
  • identifying depression-prone individuals
  • person’s general emotional level at present can indicate that person’s emotions in the future
77
Q

What is the biological explanation for depression?

A
  • inherit a genetic susceptibility to depression
78
Q

What is the humanistic explanation for depression?

A
  • in terms of self-esteem
  • failed to develop a good sense of self-worth
79
Q

What is the behavioural/social learning explanation for depression?

A
  • lack of positive reinforcers in a person’s life
  • see few activities in your life worth doing
  • experiences with aversive situations over which people have little control
  • exposure to uncontrollable events
80
Q

What is the cognitive explanation for depression?

A
  • negative thoughts about self, pessimistic about future and interpret events in a negative manner
  • depressive filter to interpret and process information
  • easily recall unhappy experiences
81
Q

What are individualistic cultures?

A
  • place emphasis on individual needs and accomplishments
  • see themselves as independent and unique
  • includes Northern European countries and the United States
82
Q

What are collectivist cultures?

A
  • place emphasis on belonging to a larger group; family, tribe, nation
  • interested in cooperation
  • includes Asian, African, Central American, and South American countries
83
Q

What are the four components necessary for a complete understanding of personality?

A
  • theory
  • application
  • assessment
  • research
84
Q

What is the evaluation/assessment of personality used for?

A
  • diagnosis
  • education
  • counseling
  • research
85
Q

What are the principles of measurement in assessments of personality?

A
  • reliability
  • validity
86
Q

What is reliability?

A
  • consistency of response to a psychological assessment device
87
Q

What is validity?

A
  • extent to which an assessment device measures what it is intended to measure
88
Q

What are self report inventories?

A
  • subjects answer questions about their behaviours and feelings
  • example; Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
89
Q

What are the advantages of self report inventories?

A
  • objective scoring
  • quick assessment
90
Q

What are the disadvantages of self report inventories?

A
  • not suited for people who possess limited reading skills
  • tendency of subjects to provide socially desirable answers
91
Q

What is the dark triad/the dirty dozen?

A
  • personality inventory that measures machiavellianism, psychopathy and narcissm
92
Q

What is the international personality item pool?

A
  • personality inventory that measures the big five
  • use likert scale to answer statements about each dimension
93
Q

What are advantages to online test administration?

A
  • Less time-consuming and expensive
  • Objective scoring
  • Accepted by younger employees
  • Prevents test takers from looking ahead at questions and changing their answers
94
Q

What are the types of projective tests?

A
  • Rorschach Inkblot Technique
  • Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
  • Word association and sentence completion
95
Q

What are disadvantages to projective tests?

A
  • Interpretation is subjective
  • Reliability and validity of the tests are low
  • could be subconscious thoughts or thoughts about something recently seen
96
Q

What is the Rorschach Inkblot Technique?

A
  • show image of inkblot
  • whatever you see is a reflection of your subconscious
  • looking for patterns
  • interpretation of therapist
97
Q

What is the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) assessment?

A
  • pictures shown one at a time
  • subjects depicts story from picture
  • asked to describe the situation, the thoughts and feelings of the characters, the preceding events and the final outcome
  • look for similar themes across pictures, means they see the world a certain way
98
Q

What is the recording procedure of the TAT assessment?

A
  • Complete responses presented by a subject should be recorded
  • Along with behavioural observations: stuttering, voice tone, body posture, hand movements, exclamation, and so on
  • Practitioner should engage in questioning and inquiry to produce a continuous flow of the subject’s fantasy
  • The cards should be administered in the sequence they were presented to the subject

Psych 332 (personality) (9 decks)

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