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Anatomy > Neck Histo - Chiaia > Flashcards

Neck Histo - Chiaia Flashcards

1
Q

What are the endo glands and what’s the key feature?

A

They’re ductless

Pit, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, panc inlets, pineal, testes, ovaries

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2
Q

What’s a hormone and how does it act?

A

It’s an organic compound, can act via paracrine (near cell), autocrine (same cell) or circulating (distant)

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3
Q

What are the endo secretions of thyroid involved with?

A

Growth, metabolism, Ca regulation

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4
Q

How is the thyroid organized?

A

2 lateral lobe with thin isthmus over 2nd and 3rd tracheal rings

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5
Q

What does the thyroid develop from?

A

Base of the tongue via thyroglossal duct

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6
Q

What encloses the thyroid parenchyma?

A

Dense irregular CT

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7
Q

What makes up the lobules of the thyroid?

A

Follicles (.2-1mm)

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8
Q

How do follicular epi cells look?

A

Surrounded by simple cuboidal epi cells

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9
Q

What envelopes and is inside the follicles?

A 
Mesh of fenestrated capillaries; into which secretions are dumped 
*(lymph in between)
homogeneous colloid (stored precursor of surrounding epi cells)
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10
Q

What are the 2 follicular cells?

A 
Follicular epi (principal)
Para follicular (C cells)
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11
Q

Hyperactive follicular epi cells?

A

Cuboidal/columnar shape, less colloid

Scalloped border

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12
Q

Hypoactive follicular epi cells?

A

Inactive, squamous, more colloid

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13
Q

What’s colloid?

A

The thyroglobulin (precursor) made by the follicular cell

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14
Q

How is thyroglobulin stored?

A

As an iodinated form until thyroid is A+

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15
Q

How do follicular cells store their stuff?

A

Extra cellularly

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16
Q

Where’s thyroglobulin made and processed?

A

rER and Golgi

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17
Q

What enz is made by the follicular cells and secreted into the lumen?

A

Thyroperoxidase

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18
Q

What does thyroperoxidase do?

A

Catalyzes the iodination of thyroglobulin in the lumen near the microvilli

19
Q

How and where is iodide sequestered?

A

Through a pump, on basal membrane

20
Q

How do you get iodine? Where’s is secreted?

A

Oxidized iodide. Into the follicular lumen

21
Q

What are iodinated residues?

A

Made from iodinated thyroglobulin

22
Q

Where’s the reuptake of iodinated thyroglobulin?

A

apical membrane

23
Q

What’s the purpose of lysosomal digestion?

A

Proteolysis of iodinated thyroglobulin to yield T3 and T4

24
Q

How do T3 and T4 diffuse out?

A

Via basal surface of the follicular cells

25
Q

Where does TSH bind receptors?

A

Basal surface

26
Q

What transport can the thyroid regulate?

A

Water and ion

27
Q

What’s a hypothyroid assc w/?

A

Retardation and lowered glucose abs in GI
Cretinism, stunted growth
Myxedema (lethargy)
Hashimotos (autoimmune response to thyroglobulin, destruction of follicular cells)

28
Q

What causes a goiter?

A

Hyperplasia and hypertrophy of follicular cells.

Iodine deficiency and Graves’ disease

29
Q

What causes Graves?

A

Stimulation of the follicular cells by plasma IgG (thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin).
*Exopthalmos (eyeball protrusion)

30
Q

Features of Graves?

A 
Weight loss
Anxiety 
Goiter
Exopthalmos
Follicular cell hypertrophy
Follicle enlargement 
Increased T3/4
31
Q

Features of para follicular cells?

A 
In walls of thyroid follicles 
Larger and lighter staining 
Between and within follicles
In same basement membrane but insulated from lumen
Have calcitonin in its cytoplasm
32
Q

What does calcitonin do?

A

Lowers plasma Ca by I- osteoclast activity and promoting Ca excretion

33
Q

How is Ca present in the body and what does it promote?

A

In hydroxyapatite of bone
Membrane perm and excitability
Clotting, receptor binding, enz, acid/base

34
Q

How is Ca absorbed?

A

In the SI via 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol

35
Q

What are the features of hypocalcemia?

A

Hyperexcitabiliy of neurons
Tetany
Abberant muscle contractions and rhythmicity

36
Q

Assc (descend with) of the parathyroid glands?

A

2 superior = thyroid

2 inferior = thymus

37
Q

Physical features of the parathyroid?

A

Covered by CT
External to thyroid
In large clumps supported by reticular fibers
separated by fenestrated capillaries

38
Q

What cells are in the parathyroid?

A

Chief cells (principal) and Oxyphil cells

39
Q

What do chief cells do? Features?

A

Secrete PTH from pro parathyroid hormone .
Most numerous, small, clear staining cyto.

Light = inactive 
Dark = actively PTH secreting cells

Store small amount of PTH

40
Q

Half life of parathyroid hormone?

A

18 min

41
Q

How does PTH increase plasma Ca?

A

By increasing osteoclast activity, increasing Ca resorption by DCT and promoting the syn of 1,25 dihydroxycalciferol which promotes Ca abs in the SI

42
Q

What controls the rate of PTH secretion from chief cells?

A

The plasma concentration of Ca

43
Q

Oxyphil features and function?

A

Less numerous, larger, dark staining, acidophilic cyto, LOTS OF MITO
Unknown function
Increased # in CKD patients

Anatomy (7 decks)

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