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Anatomy > Head and Neck 2: Upper Resp Tract > Flashcards

Head and Neck 2: Upper Resp Tract Flashcards

1
Q

What are the bridge and lateral part of the nose?

A

The dorsum and alar

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2
Q

What bones make up the nose?

A

Nasal, frontal and maxilla

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3
Q

What cartilage makes up the nose, its features?

A

Many small dense fibrous CT

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4
Q

Functions of the nasal cavity?

A

Warms and humidifies air, smell, removes and traps pathogens and particulate matter, drains and clears the paranasal sinuses and lacrimal ducts

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5
Q

Where is the internal nasal cav?

A

It’s the superior part of the respiratory tract from the vestibule to nasopharynx, nares to choanae (post nasal opening)

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6
Q

What is the vestibule?

A

The anterior part at first lined with skin. It has small hairs called vibrissae which filter dust and other stuff

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7
Q

How does the vestibule transition?

A

To typical resp epithelium before it enters the nasal cav

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8
Q

What are the regions of the nasal cavity?

A

The vestibule, olfactory and respiratory

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9
Q

What are the features of the olfactory?

A

It’s at the apex of the cavity and it’s lined by olfactory cells w/ olfactory receptors

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10
Q

What are the features of the respiratory region of the nasal cavity?

A

It’s the largest, lined by ciliated psuedostratified epi, and there’s mucus secreting goblet cells within the epithelium

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11
Q

What other bones contribute to the medial wall of the nasal cavity?

A

Vomer, perpendicular plate of ethmoid, small contribution of maxilla and palatine bones

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12
Q

What’s the septum made of?

A

Bone and cartilage

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13
Q

Symptoms and features of deviated septum?

A

Difficulty breathing, can be worse on one side, interfere with drainage of the paranasal sinuses which leads to sinus infections. 80% of all septums

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14
Q

What features are on the lateral wall of the nasal cavity?

A

3 Conchae (or turbinates), curved shelves of bone, inferior, middle and superior, all covered with mucus membrane

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15
Q

Which is the largest conchae?

A

The inferior one, which has clinical significance

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16
Q

What is the function of the conchae?

A

To increase the surface area of the nasal cavity which increases the amount of inspired air that contacts the cavity walls. The conchae disrupt the fast, laminar flow of air, making it slow and turbulent so the air spends time in the cavity, getting warmed and humidified

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17
Q

What are the nasal meatuses?

A

The pathways under the curved conchaes

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18
Q

What meatuses are there?

A

The inferior meatus (between the inferior concha and cavity floor).
The middle meatus (btwn the info and mid concha).
The superior meatus (btwn the middle and superior concha).

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19
Q

How and where do the paransal sinuses drain?

A

They drain into the cavity via the sup and middle meatuses

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20
Q

How and where do the nasolacrimal ducts drain?

A

They drain tears from the eye, opening into the inferior meatus.

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21
Q

What are the features of the blood supply to the nasal cavity?

A

Highly vascular with good collateral circulation with branches from orbit, palate and face

22
Q

What is Klesselbach’s area (Little’s area)?

A

It’s an area of anastomoses in the cavity, prone to bleeding

23
Q

What is epistaxis?

A

Nosebleeds

24
Q

Common features of nosebleeds?

A

90% in anterior, posterior more common in elderly.

Common in winter, dry and cold places, 2-10, 50-80 yo.

25
Q

What are nasal polyps?

A

Small, soft growths in the nose, occurs in 30% of adults.
Don’t cause problems unless they’re large and block the nose.
Common with patients that have allergies and/or asthma.

26
Q

What are common symptoms of nasal polyps?

A

Decreased or absent sense of smell,
Difficulty breathing through nose,
Nasal airflow blockage

27
Q

What is the innervation to the nasal cavity?

A

The olfactory mucous membrane (CN I olfactory nerve) and respiratory mucous membrane (CN V trigeminal nerve).

28
Q

What is the course of the olfactory nerve CN I and its receptors?

A

It’s receptors are in the mucous membrane of the superior part of the nasal cavity and its central processes are transmitted through the cribiform plate into the cranial cavity. Its axons enter the olfactory bulb of the brain

29
Q

What are the paranasal sinuses?

A

Air filled spaces that surround the nasal cavity. Each is lined with mucous membrane and directly communicates with the nasal cavity

30
Q

What are the functions of the paranasal sinuses?

A

They decrease the weight of the skull, increase voice resonance, provide a buffer against facial trauma, help humidify and heat inhaled air and they regulate intranasal pressures

31
Q

What are the paranasal sinuses?

A

Maxillary, frontal, sphenoid and ethmoid

32
Q

What are the features of the paranasal sinuses?

A

Maxillary: largest, under the eyes in the maxilla
Frontal: superior to eyes, in frontal bone
Sphenoid: in body of sphenoid bone
Ethmoid: discrete air cells in ethmoid bone between nasal cavity and the eyes

33
Q

Which sinuses drain via gravity?

A

The frontal

34
Q

What is sinusitis?

A

Inflammation of or swelling of the mucous membranes lining the sinuses. The sinuses become blocked and filled with fluid

35
Q

What are the common causes and signs of sinusitis?

A

Causes: common cold, allergic rhinitis, nasal polyps, deviated septums.
Signs: facial pain/pressure, stuffed up/runny nose, loss of smell, cough or congestion

36
Q

What innervates the sinuses?

A

Trigeminal nerve

37
Q

What can close proximity of periapical lesions to the max sinus floor lead to?

A

It can increase the risk of oroantral communication during debridement of sockets

38
Q

What is the palate and what are its features?

A

The floor of the nasal cavity and the arched roof of the oral cavity. The superior side is covered with respiratory mucous membrane and the inferior side is covered with oral mucous membrane.

39
Q

What are the features of the palate mucous membrane?

A

It’s mucoperiosteum with palatine rugae that don’t change

40
Q

What is the posterior palate?

A

The muscular soft palate and the uvula (conical projection).

41
Q

What glands are contained within the soft palate?

A

Salivary glands

42
Q

What bones make up the palate?

A

Anterior: maxilla
Posterior: palatine

43
Q

The mucous membrane covering the hard palate is innervates by?

A

CN 2

44
Q

What are the features of the soft palate?

A

Its covered with mucous membrane and it acts as a “swing gate,” which walls off the nasopharynx during swallowing

45
Q

What are the muscles of the soft palate and what do they do?

A

Tensor and levator veli palatini muscles and they elevate to close off the nasopharynx.

46
Q

What innervates the Tensor and levator veli palatini muscles?

A

CN V3 and CN X

47
Q

Which soft palate muscles depress to open the passageway to the oropharynx?

A

Palatoglossus and palatopharyngeus

48
Q

What innervates palatoglossus and palatopharyngeus?

A

The vagus nerve CN X

49
Q

What is a cleft palate and what are its features?

A

It’s the result of incomplete fusion of the palate during development. It involves the hard and/or soft palate. Can occur w/ cleft lip but since the lip and palate develop separately, it’s possible to have a cleft lip w/o a cleft palate and vice versa. Occurs in 1/700 births. Can also occur with a bifurcated uvula

50
Q

What does snoring involve?

A

When air flows past relaxed tissues such as the tongue, soft palate and pharynx as you breathe. The sagging tissues narrow your airway, causing them to vibrate.
*****SOFT PALATE

Anatomy (7 decks)

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