Neck and facial planes Flashcards
1
Q
Name this layer
A
Epidermis
2
Q
Name this layer
A
Dermis
3
Q
Name this layer
A
Superficial fascia
4
Q
Name this layer
A
Deep fascia
5
Q
how is deep fascia organised?
A
in tubes that run from the base of the skull and the top of the thorax (superior mediastinum)
6
Q
why is it important that fascia is organised in deep tubes?
A
they help to prevent spread of infection from one compartment to another
- An infection in the neck tends to spread within a single fascial tube
7
Q
superficial neck fascia is composed of what type of tissue?
A
adipose connective tissue
8
Q
where is superficial neck fascia located between?
A
the skin and the underlying deep fascia
Usually a thin layer in the neck
9
Q
superficial neck fascia contains what 4 things
A
- Sensory nerves
- Platysma muscles (facial expression)
- Superficial veins
- Lymphatic vessels and superficial lymph node - cant be seen in dissection
10
Q
The sensory nerves in the superficial fascia of the neck are known as
A
the cervical plexus
11
Q
what does plexus mean?
A
intertwining of structures
12
Q
What sensory nerves give rise to the cervical plexus?
A
Anterior rami of cervical spinal nerves C2, C3 &C4
13
Q
the anterior ramus of the spinal chord relays what kind of information?
A
sensory
14
Q
The anterior ramus of the spinal cord relays sensory information from and to what?
A
the anterolateral body wall towards the spinal chord
15
Q
What structures does the action potential pass through to get sensory information from the anterolateral body wall to the spinal cord? 4 things
A
Anterior ramus
spinal nerve
posterior root into posterior rootlets
spinal chord
16
Q
what is the dermatome map?
A
map of the areas of the body supplied by a specific spinal nerve
17
Q
The anterior rami of cervical spinal nerves C2-C4 is sensory to skin of where 3 things?
A
- Neck
- Shoulder
- Corner of the face
18
Q
Sensory nerves leave the skin and superficial fascia, to get to the spinal chord they have to?
A
Pierce the deep fascia
19
Q
What are the 4 named branches of the cervical plexus?
A
- Great auricular nerve
- Transverse cervical nerve
- Lesser occipital nerve
- Supraclavicular nerves
20
Q
The great auricular nerve is formed by the anterior rami of which spinal nerves?
A
C2 & C3
21
Q
The transverse cervical nerve is formed by the anterior rami of which spinal nerves?
A
C2 & C3
22
Q
The lesser occipital nerve is formed by the anterior rami of which spinal nerves?
A
C2
23
Q
The supraclavicular nerves are formed by the anterior rami of which spinal nerves?
A
C3 &C4
24
Q
which nerve is this?
A
great auricular nerve C2&C3
25
which nerve is this?
transverse cervical nerve C2&C3
26
which nerve is this?
lesser occipital nerve C2
27
which nerve is this?
supraclavicular nerves C3&C4
28
Great auricular nerve supplies
the skin over the parotid gland, external ear and posterior auricular region
29
Transverse cervical nerve supplies
Anterolateral neck
30
Lesser occipital nerve supplies
posterior aspect of the neck
31
Supraclavicular nerves supplies
area over the clavicle to the tip of the shoulder
32
Green dashed line represents
the cervical plexus
33
the cervical plexus passes from
superficial towards deep structures
34
Green solid line is?
first layer of deep fascia
35
the first layer of deep fascia is called?
deep cervical fascia
36
what is the nerve point of the neck?
point where the cervical plexus pierces through the first layer of deep fascia -> deep cervical fascia
37
Nerve point is located
midway along the posterior border of the sternocleidomastoid
38
what is this called in the neck?
the nerve point
39
what are these structures called?
platysma muscles
40
what is this muscle?
platysma muscle
41
The platysma muscle is in which group of muscles?
muscles of facial expression
42
Which nerve supplies the platysma muscle?
Cervical branch of Cranial nerve VII -> facial nerve
43
this is the main action of which muscle
platysma
44
What is this structure
Deep veins
45
What is this structure
Superficial veins
46
The superficial veins of the neck lie within what?
The superficial fascia of the neck
47
The superficial veins are part of what system?
Jugular venous system
48
The jugular venous system consists of?
Various superficial jugular veins that drain into deep internal jugular veins
49
The 3 superficial jugular veins that are bilateral are called?
External jugular veins
Anterior jugular veins
Superficial jugular communicating veins
50
Why is the retromandibular veins unusual?
It’s splits in 2
51
The external jugular vein is formed from the joining of
Posterior division of retromandibular vein
And
Posterior auricular vein
52
The external jugular vein drains into what vein?
Subclavian vein
53
The common facial vein is formed from the joining of?
Anterior division of the retromandibular vein
And
The facial vein
54
The common facial vein drains into what?
The internal jugular vein
55
Name this vein
Retromandibular vein
56
Name this vein
Facial vein
57
Name this vein
Common facial vein
58
Name this vein
Anterior jugular vein
59
Name this vein
Superficial jugular communicating vein
60
Name this vein
Internal jugular vein
61
Name this vein
Subclavian vein
62
Name this vein
External jugular vein
63
Name this vein
Posterior auricular vein
64
Deep cervical fascia is what type of tissue?
Fibrous connective tissue
65
The deep cervical fascia has 3 layers what r they?
Investing layer
Pretracheal layer
Prevertebral layer
66
Which layer of deep cervical fascia is this?
Investing layer
67
Which layer of deep cervical fascia is this?
Pretracheal layer
68
Which layer of deep cervical fascia is this?
Prevertebral layer
69
What is this structure called that is part of the prevertebral layer of deep cervical fascia?
Carotid sheaths
70
Understand this diagrammatic representation of the tube like arrangement of deep cervical fascia in the neck
71
The investing layer of deep cervical fascia encapsulates what muscles? 2
Right and left trapezius
Right and left Sternocleidomastoid
72
What muscle is this?
Left trapezius
73
What muscle is this?
Left Sternocleidomastoid
74
The left trapezius and left Sternocleidomastoid muscles are innervated by which nerve?
Cranial nerve XI - spinal accessory nerve
75
The investing layer of deep cervical fascia encapsulates which glands?
Submandibular and parotid salivary glands
76
What is this part of the Pretracheal layer of deep cervical fascia?
Visceral (organ) part
77
What is this part of the Pretracheal layer of deep cervical fascia?
Muscular part
78
The visceral part of the Pretracheal layer of deep cervical fascia enclosed what? 3
Thyroid gland
Trachea
Oesophagus
79
The muscular part of the Pretracheal layer of deep cervical fascia encloses what?
The “strap” muscles
80
The prevertebral layer of deep cervical fascia encloses what? 2
Postural muscles
Cervical vertebrae
81
The carotid sheaths contain? 4
Internal jugular veins
Carotid arteries
Vagus nerve CNX
Deep cervical chain of lymph nodes
82
The Pretracheal fascia when it is superior to the trachea is called what?
Buccopharyngeal fascia
83
What is this called?
Retropharyngeal space
84
Name this neck triangle
Anterior triangle
85
Name this neck triangle
Posterior triangles
86
What are the borders of the posterior triangles?
Trapezius
Sternocleidomastoid
Clavicle
87
Name this structure
Sternocleidomastoid
88
Name this structure
Clavicle
89
Name this structure
Trapezius
90
What is located in the posterior triangle?
Spinal accessory nerve
CN XI
91
What does the spinal accessory nerve CNXI supply?
Sternocleidomastoid
Trapezius
92
Is the spinal accessory nerve CNXI motor or sensory?
Motor
93
Name this Foramen
Foramen magnum
94
Name this Foramen
Jugular Foramen
95
Name this part of the skull
Mastoid process
96
Name this muscle
Sternocleidomastoid
97
Name this muscle
Trapezius
98
Name this nerve
C4
99
Name this nerve
C1
100
Name this nerve
CNXI
Spinal accessory nerve
101
How is the spinal accessory nerve CNXI clinically tested?
Ask patient to shrug shoulders (trapezius)
Ask patient to turn head to look down towards the opposite side (scm)
102
What are the borders of the anterior right and left triangles?
Inferior border of mandible
Scm
Midline of neck
103
Name this neck triangle
Suprahyoid triangle
104
Name this neck triangle
Infrahyoid neck triangle
105
Inferior border of mandible
106
Hyoid
107
Sternocleidomastoid
108
Name this neck triangle
Submental triangle
109
What are the borders of the Submental triangle?
Hyoid bone
Medial border of anterior belly of digastric
Neck midline
110
Name this neck triangle
Submandibular triangle
111
What are the borders of the submandibular triangle?
Lower border if mandible
Medial border of anterior belly of digastric
Anterior border of posterior belly of digastric
112
What is located in the Submental triangle? 3
Origin of anterior jugular veins
Submental lymph nodes
Mylohyoid
113
The Submental lymph nodes drain lymph from where? 3
Tongue tip
Lower lip
Lower incisors
114
The submandibular triangle contains? 5
Submandibular salivary gland
Facial artery
Facial vein
Submandibular lymph nodes
Hypoglossal nerve (CNXII)
115
What does the Hypoglossal nerve do? CNXII
Motor supply to striated muscles of tongue except Palatoglossus
116
Name this nerve
Hypoglossal nerve
CNXII
117
Name this triangle
Muscular triangle
118
What are the borders of the muscular triangle?
Anterior belly of omohyoid
Lower part of Sternocleidomastoid
Neck midline
119
What is located in the muscular triangle? 2
Strap muscles
Ansa cervicalis C1,2,3
120
What is ansa cervicalis?
Loop of motor nerve fibres formed by C1,2,3 spinal nerves
121
What does ansa cervicalis innervates?
Strap muscles
Except thyrohyoid (just C1)
122
Name this nerve
Hypoglossal nerve
123
Name this nerve
C1 to thyrohyoid
124
Name this nerve
Descendens hypoglossi
125
Name this nerve
Ansa cervicalis
126
Name this nerve
Descendens cervicalis
127
Name this muscle
Anterior belly of digastric
128
Name this muscle
Mylohyoid
129
Name this muscle
Geniohyoid
130
Name the 4 strap muscles
Omohyoid
Sternohyoid
Thyrohyoid
Sternothyroid
131
What innervates omohyoid?
Ansa cervicalis C1,2,3
132
What innervates Sternohyoid?
Ansa cervicalis C1,2,3
133
What innervates thyrohyoid?
C1
134
What innervates sternothyroid?
Ansa cervicalis
135
What innervates anterior belly of digastric?
CNV3 - inferior alveolar nerve
136
What innervates geniohyoid?
C1
137
What innervates Mylohyoid?
CNV3- inferior alveolar nerve
138
What innervates the posterior belly of digastric?
Facial nerve
CNVII
139
Name this triangle
Carotid triangle
140
What are the borders of the carotid triangle?
Posterior belly of digastric
Sternocleidomastoid
Omohyoid
141
Carotid sheath is located in the carotid triangle what does this contain? 5
Internal jugular vein
Common carotid artery
Internal carotid artery
Vagus nerve
Deep cervical lymph nodes
