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G2 Anatomy Exam 3 > Neck > Flashcards

Neck Flashcards

1
Q

What are the bones of the Neck?

A
  1. Mastoid Process (part of Temporal Bone)
  2. Styloid Process (tiny pen-like part of Temporal Bone
  3. Mandible (jaw-bone)
  4. Hyoid Bone (horseshoe bone high in neck)
  5. Clavicle
  6. Sternum
  7. Cervical Vertebrae
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2
Q

What is unique about the Hyoid bone?

A

Only bone in your body that is not attached to any other bones

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3
Q

Hyoid overview:

A
  1. “U-shaped bone” that sits superior to the Larynx
  2. Highly movable (no Bony attachment)
  3. “Floating” so it serves as an anchor for muscle and ligament attachment of the neck
  4. Mainly used for swallowing
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4
Q

What is more anterior, the Larynx or the Pharynx?

A

LARYNX is ANTERIOR

PHARYNX is POSTERIOR

NOTE: P is for Pharynx and Posterior

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5
Q

Larynx Overview:

A
  1. Anterior to Pharynx
  2. “Voice Box” (contains Vocal Cords)
  3. Leads to Trachea (our airway)
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6
Q

Pharynx Overview:

A
  1. POSTERIOR to and is MUCH LARGER than the Larynx
2. Connects the Ear, Nose and Throat
A. Pharyngotympanic Tube to ear
B. Nasopharynx behind nose
C. Oropharynx behind mouth
D. Layngopharynx behind Larynx
  1. Leads to the Esophagus
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7
Q

Fill in the Blank:

The Larynx is suspended from (BLANK) above, and continuous with (BLANK) below.

A

The Larynx is suspended from HYOID BONE above, and continuous with TRACHEA below.

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8
Q

What is the name of the structure that suspends the Larynx from the above Hyoid Bone?

A

THYROHYOID LIGAMENT

The Thyohyoid Ligament suspends the Thyroid Cartilage of the anterior Larynx to the Hyoid Bone

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9
Q

Larynx is made up of:

A
  1. 3 MAJOR (decently rigid) HYALINE CARTILAGES:
    A. Thyroid Cartilage (Superior and is the largest just anteriorly with “big wings” and houses vocal cords)
    B. Cricoid Cartilage (small anteriorly but large posteriorly and looks like “butterfly bandaid)
    C. Epiglottis (internal structure made of Elastic cartilage to block Larynx while eating to prevent food from entering airway)
  2. 3 Pairs of Small Internal Cartilages (voice production):
    A. Cuneiform
    B. Corniculate
    C. Arytenoid
  3. Ligaments and Muscles:
    A. Thyrohyoid Ligament (connects Thyroid Cartilage to Hyoid bone)
    B. Cricothyroid Ligament (connects Crico Cartilage to the Thyroid Cartilage)
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10
Q

What is the Laryngeal Prominence?

A

“Adam’s Apple” that is an anterior point of Thyroid Cartilage on the Larynx

NOTE: Lengthened along with vocal cords by Testosterone during Puberty

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11
Q

Where are your vocal cords?

A

In the superior most Thyroid Cartilage of the Larynx

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12
Q

How are the Nasal Cavity and Trachea protected while we are eating?

A
  1. Uvula flips up to block the Nasal Cavity

2. Epiglottis blocks the opening to the Larynx

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13
Q

What are the major unpaired cartilages of the Larynx?

A
  1. Thyroid Cartilage (largest anteriorly and connects superiorly to the Hyoid Bone and inferiorly to the Cricoid Cartilage) HYALINE CARTILAGE
  2. Cricoid Cartilage (below Thyroid Cartilage and is small anteriorly but large posteriorly) HYALINE CARTILAGE
  3. Epiglottis (internal structure made that blocks Larynx while eating to prevent food from entering airway) ELASTIC CARTILAGE
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14
Q

What are the important ligaments of the Larynx?

A
  1. Thyrohyoid Ligament (connects Thyroid Cartilage to Hyoid Bone)
  2. Cricothyroid Ligament (connects Cricoid Cartilage to Thyroid Cartilage)
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15
Q

What are the 3 small paired cartilages of the Larynx? Where are they located and what is their purpose?

A
  1. Attach to corresponding muscles to control vocal cords to MODIFY PITCH
  2. Located posteriorly
  3. Superior to Inferior:
    A. Cuneiform
    B. Corniculate
    C. Arytenoid (largest with direct vocal cord connection)
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16
Q

Loudness is determined by:

A

How forcefully you move air past your vocal cords utilizing your abdomen and diaphragm

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17
Q

Matching Column:

  1. Vocal cords of the Larynx
  2. Mouth
  3. Abdomen/Diaphragm

A. Loudness
B. Modify Pitch
C. Sound Formulation

A

(1B) Vocal cords of the Larynx modify Pitch

(2C) Shapes created by the Mouth formulate sound

(3A) Abdomen/Diaphragm strength determine how forcefully air is pushed out and modify Loudness

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18
Q

How does the Larynx receive blood supply?

A
  1. Superior Laryngeal Artery (branches from External Carotid Artery) supplies external and internal superior Larynx
  2. Inferior Laryngeal Artery (branches from Thyrocervical Trunk of Subclavian Artery) supplies external and internal inferior Larynx
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19
Q

Random Blood Movement overview:

A
  1. Common Carotid Artery goes up the neck
  2. Internal and External Carotid Arteries branch from CCA around the top of Thyroid Cartilage under the Hyoid Bone
  3. Internal Carotid dives inward to supply brain via Circle of Willis
  4. External Carotid provides blood to everything in the face and Neck
  5. Superior Laryngeal Artery branches from the External Carotid to supply blood to external and internal superior Larynx
  6. Ascending Pharyngeal Artery branches from the External Carotid as well to supply blood to superior Pharynx
  7. Subclavian Artery goes over to the Upper Extremities
  8. Thyrocervical Trunk branches off of the Subclavian Artery
  9. Inferior Laryngeal Artery branches off of the Thyrocervical Trunk to supply blood to external and internal inferior Larynx
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20
Q

What is the Venous Drainage of the Larynx?

A
  1. Superior Laryngeal Vein (comes from inside of the superior Larynx) to drain into the Internal Jugular Vein
  2. Inferior Laryngeal Vein (comes from inferior Larynx located behind the Thyroid Gland) to drain into the Left Brachiocepohalic Vein
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21
Q

Describe the Lymphatic Drainage of the Larynx

A

Deep Cervical Nodes mostly along the arteries of the Neck

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22
Q

What nerve innervates the Larynx?

A

Cranial Nerve

NOTE: the Vagus Nerve but specifics are NOT necessary

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23
Q

What are the 3 divisions of the Pharynx?

A
  1. Nasopharynx
  2. Oropharynx
  3. Laryngopharynx
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24
Q

How does the Pharynx connect to the inner ear and where is this connection established?

A

Pharyngotympanic Tube connects the ear to the Nasopharynx

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25
Q

What is considered to be the Ear, Nose, and Throat (also mouth) Connector?

A

Pharynx

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26
Q

What makes up the wall of the Pharynx?

A

Walls formed by muscles and fascia to allow for swallowing:

  1. Constrictor Muscles (3 major ones that surround and create the majority of the Pharynx structure) that originate on Pharyngeal Raphe (posterior midline):
    A. Superior Constrictor
    B. Middle Constrictor
    C. Inferior Constrictor
  2. Longitudinal Muscles
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27
Q

Constrictor Muscles allow:

A
  1. Some Constriction (rhythmic movement)
  2. Run diagonally allowing some vertical and some horizontal movement
  3. Create majority of the Pharyngeal walls
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28
Q

What is the Pharyngeal Raphe:

A

Posterior Midline where all 3 Constrictor Muscles originate

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29
Q

How does the Pharynx receive blood supply?

A
  1. Ascending Pharyngeal Artery (most notable artery that branches from the External Carotid Artery to supply the superior Pharynx)
  2. Branches from the:
    A. Lingual Artery (Oropharynx)
    B. Maxillary Artery (Nasopharynx)
    C. Facial Artery (Laryngopharynx)
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30
Q

Describe Venous Drainage of the Pharynx:

A

Plexus of veins ultimately drains into the Internal Jugular Vein (IJV travels with one of the Carotid Arteries)

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31
Q

Describe Lymphatic Drainage of the Pharynx:

A
  1. Retropharyngeal Nodes (behind Pharynx) for Superior Pharynx
  2. Paratracheal Nodes (by the Trachea) for Inferior Pharynx
  3. Infrahyoid Nodes (under Hyoid bone) for Anterior Pharynx
32
Q

What nerve innervates the Pharynx?

A

Cranial Nerve

NOTE: Vagus Nerve and Glossopharyngeal Nerve but specifics are NOT necessary

33
Q

What are the muscles of the Neck?

A

Superficial to Deep:

  1. Platysma
  2. Sternocleidomastoid
  3. Scalenes (Anterior, Middle, and Posterior)
34
Q

Platysma:

  1. Description
  2. Origin
  3. Insertion
  4. Action
  5. Innervation
A
  1. Very large but paper thin sheet of muscle that hangs over the whole neck like an apron
  2. Mandible
  3. Fascia of Pec Major, Clavicle, and Sternum
  4. Tenses up your neck
  5. Cranial Nerve (more specifically Facial)
35
Q

Sternocleidomastoid:

  1. Description
  2. Origin
  3. Insertion
  4. Action
  5. Innervation
A
  1. Tendons that travel diagonally and anteriorly to form Jugular Notch
  2. Mastoid Process (Bumpy bulge behind the ear)
  3. Sternum and Clavicle (medially)
  4. Actions:
    A. Unilateral- Lateral Flexion to the same side (ear to shoulder) or Rotation to the Opposite Side (contract right to turn left)
    B. Bilateral- Cervical Flexion (chin to chest)
    C. Forced Inspiration
  5. Cranial Nerve (more specifically the Accessory)
36
Q

Scalenes (3):

  1. Description
  2. Origin
  3. Insertion
  4. Action
  5. Innervation
A
  1. Anterior, Middle, and Posterior Scalenes that serve as important anatomical landmarks for other structures
  2. Transverse Processes of upper Cervical Vertebrae
  3. Anterior Aspect of Ribs 1 and 2
  4. Bilateral to assist in neck and raise first 2 ribs
  5. Ventral Rami of Cervical Nerves
37
Q

What are the important landmarks indicated by the Scalenes?

A
  1. Brachial Plexus and Subclavian Artery emerge between the Anterior and Middle Scalenes
    - emergence of roots and trunks of Brachial Plexus
  2. Subclavian Vein and Phrenic Nerve emerge anterior to the Anterior Scalene
38
Q

What are the muscles of the Anterior Neck and how are they divided?

A

Named based on their position in relation to the Hyoid bone:
1. Suprahyoid Muscles (4 above Hyoid Bone) “SDisMG”:
A. Stylohyoid
B. Digastric
C. Mylohyoid
D. Geniohyoid

2. Infrahyoid Muscles (4 below the Hyoid Bone AKA "Strap Muscles") "TOSS":
A. Thyrohyoid
B. Omohyoid
C. Sternohyoid
D. Sternothyroid
39
Q

What are the Suprathyoid Muscles and where do they attach?

A

“SDisMG”
1. Stylohyoid (Styloid Process to the Hyoid Bone)

  1. Digastric (“2 Bellies that form loop”)
  2. Mylohyoid (floor of the mouth)
  3. Geniohyoid (floor of the mouth)
40
Q

What are the Infra Muscles and where do they connect?

A

Names are pretty descriptive:
“TOSS”
1. Thyrohyoid (connects Thyroid Cartilage to Hyoid Bone)

  1. Omohyoid (connects Scapula to Hyoid Bone)
  2. Sternohyoid (connects Sternum to Hyoid Bone)
  3. Sternothyroid (connects Sternum to Thyroid Cartilage)
41
Q

Which Anterior Neck Muscles are referred to as “Strap Muscles” and why?

A

The Infrahyoid Muscles because they look like tiered handles

42
Q

Stylohyoid:

  1. Suprahyoid or Infrahyoid?
  2. Origin
  3. Insertion
  4. Action
  5. Innervation
A
  1. Suprahyoid
  2. Styloid Process (on Temporal Bone)
  3. Hyoid Bone
  4. Pulls Hyoid bone up during swallowing
  5. Cranial Nerve (Facial)
43
Q

Digastric “2 Bellies”:

  1. Suprahyoid or Infrahyoid?
  2. Origin
  3. Insertion
  4. Action
  5. Innervation
A
  1. Suprahyoid
  2. Both bellies have different origins:
    A. Anterior Belly originates on the Mandible
    B. Posterior Belly originates on the Mastoid Process
  3. Hyoid Bone
  4. Actions depend on if you are Swallowing or Not Swallowing:
    A. Swallowing- Mandible is fixed so you can raise the Hyoid Bone to swallow
    B. Not Swallowing- Hyoid Bone is fixed so you can lower Mandible and open mouth
  5. Cranial Nerve (Trigeminal for Anterior AND Facial for Posterior)
44
Q

Mylohyoid:

  1. Suprahyoid or Infrahyoid?
  2. Origin
  3. Insertion
  4. Action
  5. Innervation
A

“Forms the floor of your mouth”

  1. Surpahyoid
  2. Mandible
  3. Hyoid Bone
  4. Elevates the Hyoid; Mouth floor
  5. Cranial (Trigeminal)
45
Q

Geniohyoid:

  1. Suprahyoid or Infrahyoid?
  2. Origin
  3. Insertion
  4. Action
  5. Innervation
A

“Part of the Floor of your Mouth Superficial to Mylohyoid”
1. Suprahyoid

  1. Mandible
  2. Hyoid
  3. Actions depend on if you are Swallowing or Not Swallowing:
    A. Swallowing- Mandible is fixed so you can raise the Hyoid Bone to swallow
    B. Not Swallowing- Hyoid Bone is fixed so you can lower Mandible and open mouth
  4. Ventral Ramus of C1
46
Q

Sternohyoid:

  1. Suprahyoid or Infrahyoid?
  2. Origin
  3. Insertion
  4. Action
  5. Innervation
A
  1. Infrahyoid “Strap Muscles”
    - LONGEST AND MOST SUPERFICIAL
  2. Sternum (Manubrium)
  3. Hyoid Cartilage
  4. Depresses Hyoid Bone after swallowing
  5. Cervical Plexus (Ansa Cervicalis)
47
Q

Omohyoid:

  1. Suprahyoid or Infrahyoid?
  2. Origin
  3. Insertion
  4. Action
  5. Innervation
A

“2 Bellies: Superior and Inferior Bellies”

  1. Infrahyoid “Strap Muscles”
  2. Scapula (Superior Medial Border)
  3. Hyoid Cartilage
  4. Depresses Hyoid Bone after swallowing AND Fixes Hyoid Bone in place
  5. Cervical Plexus (Ansa Cervicalis)
48
Q

Thyrohyoid:

  1. Suprahyoid or Infrahyoid?
  2. Origin
  3. Insertion
  4. Action
  5. Innervation
A
  1. Infrahyoid “Strap Muscles”
  2. Thyroid Cartilage
  3. Hyoid Bone
  4. Actions depend on if you are Swallowing or Not Swallowing:
    A. Swallowing- Depresses the Hyoid Bone to swallow
    B. Not Swallowing- Hyoid Bone is fixed so RAISES LARYNX
  5. Ventral ramus C1
49
Q

Sternothyroid:

  1. Suprahyoid or Infrahyoid?
  2. Origin
  3. Insertion
  4. Action
  5. Innervation
A
  1. Infrahyoid “Strap Muscles”
  2. Sternum (Posterior Manubrium)
  3. Thyroid Cartilage
  4. Draws Larynx downward during swallowing
  5. Cervical Plexus (Ansa Cervicalis)
50
Q

What Infrahyoid Muscles are directly covered by another Infrahyoid Muscle?

A

Sternohyoid (longest and most superficial) covers Thyrohyoid and Sternohyoid

51
Q

What is the Ansa Cervicalis?

A

“Little Loop” created by Cervical Plexus that gives off branches and innervates 3 out of 4 Infrahyoid Muscles:

  1. Sternohyoid
  2. Omohyoid
  3. Sternothyroid
52
Q

Overview of Blood Vessels in the Root of the Neck:

A
  1. Right Subclavian Artery branches from the Braciocephalic Artery AND Left Subclavian Artery branches from the Aortic Arch to supply Upper Extremities and Root of the Neck
  2. Internal Thoracic Artery branches off of the RSA and LSA to supply Anterior Body Wall
  3. Vertebral Arteries branch off RSA and LSA and travel up in the Transverse Foramina of Cervical Vertebrae to come together and supply the brain via Circle of Willis with the Internal Carotid Arteries
  4. Thyrocervical Trunk branches from the RSA and LSA to supply Larynx with blood
  5. Costocervical Trunk branches from RSA and LSA to supply neck with blood
53
Q

Overview of Blood Vessels that supply the Head:

A
  1. Right Common Carotid Artery branches off of the Brachiocephalic Trunk and Left Common Carotid Artery branches directly from Aortic Arch
  2. External Carotid Artery branches off to supply External structures of the face and neck
  3. Internal Carotid Artery branches off and dives internally to supply brain with blood via the Circle of Willis and maybe some internal face structures
54
Q

What are the Major branches of the External Carotid Artery?

A
  1. Lingual Artery
  2. Facial Artery
  3. Maxillary Artery
55
Q

Lingual Artery:

  1. Where does it branch from?
  2. What does it supply?
A
  1. Branches from the External Carotid Artery to the floor of the mouth
  2. Supplies blood to tongue, tonsils, and floor of the mouth
56
Q

Facial Artery:

  1. Where does it branch from?
  2. What does it supply?
A
  1. Branches from the External Carotid Artery to face

2. Major blood supplier of the face!!! (mostly inferior)

57
Q

Maxillary Artery:

  1. Where does it branch from?
  2. What does it supply?
A
  1. Branches from the External Carotid Artery to Maxillary region underneath our eyes
  2. Supplies blood to Nasal Cavity, Roof of the Oral Cavity, Upper Teeth, Sinuses, Oropharynx, and floor of the orbit (most of superior face)
58
Q

Superficial Temporal Artery:

  1. Where does it branch from?
  2. What does it supply?
A
  1. Branches from the External Carotid Artery to skin around the Temporal Bone and muscles there
  2. Skin around Temporal Bone
59
Q

Superior Thyroid Artery:

  1. Where does it branch from?
  2. What does it supply?
A
  1. Branches from the External Carotid Artery to Thyroid

2. Thyroid Gland

60
Q

How do you Palpate the Carotid Pulse?

A
  1. Put Digits 2 and 3 at the angle of the Mandible between Larynx and the Anterior Border of the Sternocleidomastoid Muscle at about the level of the Cricoid Cartilage (C6)
  2. Could be palpating the Common Carotid Artery before it branches OR the Internal and External Carotid Arteries (either simultaneously or singularly)
61
Q

What makes the Internal and External Jugular Veins different from the Internal and External Carotid Arteries?

A
  1. The Internal and External Carotid Arteries have a common origin from the Common Carotid Artery
  2. Internal and External Jugular Veins are COMPLETELY SEPARATE and drain into the Subclavian Veins INDEPENDENTLY
    A. External drains with the Anterior Jugular into Subclavian Vein
    B. Internal drains into the Subclavian Vein at the start of the Brachiocephalic Vein
62
Q

What is the Venous Drainage of the Brain?

A

Internal Jugular Vein drains the brain and travels with the Common Carotid Artery and the Vagus Nerve

DRAINS INTO THE SUBCLAVIAN VEIN AT THE START OF THE BRACHIOCEPHALIC VEIN

63
Q

What is the Venous Drainage of the superficial Head and Neck?

A
  1. External Jugular Vein
  2. Anterior Jugular Vein

NOTE: They join up to drain into the Subclavian Veins

64
Q

What is the Lymphatic Drainage of the Head and Neck?

A

A collar of Lymph Nodes is formed at the junction of the Head and Neck (around jaw and throat area) that :

  1. Superficial Cervical Nodes drain the face and scalp (travels along External Jugular Vein on the surface of the Sternocleidomastoid)
  2. Deep Cervical Nodes drain the Tonsillar Region and Tongue (travels along the Internal Jugular Vein)
    A. Has an upper and lower group divided by the Tendon of the Omohyoid
65
Q

What is the Innervation of the Hyoid Muscles?

A
  1. Cervical Plexus

2. Cranial Nerve Branches

66
Q

Cervical Plexus:

A

Spinal Nerves that exit their same name Intervertebral Foramen (Above C8 so they exit above their same name bone) to provide Compensatory Innervation

  1. Anterior Rami of C1-C4
2. 4 Cutaneous Branches that innervate skin on side of neck, top of shoulder, lower part of face and skull behind ear:
A. Transverse Cervical Nerve
B. Greater Auricular Nerve
C. Lesser Occipital Nerve
D. Supraclavicular Nerve
  1. Ansa Cervicalis (Loop) provides MOTOR innervation to 3 of the 4 Infrahyoid Muscles
  2. Phrenic Nerve (C3,C4,C5 keeps the Diaphragm alive)
67
Q

What nerve provides motor innervation to the tongue?

A

Hypoglossal Nerve (travels with some Cervical Plexus nerves but is not a part of the Cervical Plexus)

68
Q

Thyroid Gland Overview:

A
  1. Butterfly Shaped Gland of two wing shaped Lobes connected by an Isthmus
  2. Deep to Sternohyoid, Sternothyroid, and Omohyoid
  3. Sits on C-shaped rings of Tracheal Cartilage just below the Thyroid Cartilage
69
Q

How does the Thyroid Gland receive blood supply?

A
  1. Superior Thyroid Artery (branches from External Carotid Artery)
  2. Inferior Thyroid Artery (branches from Thyrocervical Trunk)
70
Q

What is the Venous Drainage of the Thyroid Gland?

A

Superior, Middle, and Inferior Thyroid Glands because a lot of vasculature is needed to drain the Thyroid due to hormones

71
Q

What is the Lymphatic Drainage of the Thyroid Gland?

A
  1. Pretracheal Nodes

2. Deep Cervical Nodes

72
Q

What nerves innervate the Thyroid Gland?

A
  1. Parasympathetics- Cranial Nerve (Vagus Nerve)

2. Sympathetic- Sympathetic Trunk

73
Q

Parathyroid Overview:

A
  1. 2 pairs (4 total) of small oval structures on the Dorsal surface of the Thyroid Gland
    - 2 Superior and 2 Inferior
  2. Regulate Calcium in our blood
74
Q

What is the Blood Supply to the Parathyroid Glands?

A

SAME AS THYROID:

  1. Superior Thyroid Arteries
  2. Inferior Thyroid Arteries
75
Q

What is the Venous Drainage of the Parathyroid Gland?

A

SAME AS THYROID:

Superior, Middle, and Inferior Thyroid Glands because they are imbedded in the Thyroid

76
Q

What is the Lymphatic Drainage of the Parathyroid Gland?

A

SAME AS THYROID:

  1. Pretracheal Nodes
  2. Deep Cervical Nodes

G2 Anatomy Exam 3 (8 decks)

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