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G2 Anatomy Exam 3 > Head > Flashcards

Head Flashcards

1
Q

How many Cranial Bones are there?

A

8 total:

  1. Frontal
  2. Parietal (2)
  3. Occipital
  4. Temporal (2)
  5. Sphenoid (mostly internal with a lot of articulations)
  6. Ethmoid (internal)
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2
Q

What are the noteworthy structures of the Frontal Bone?

A
  1. Supraorbital Notch (or Foramen) for nerves to travel

2. Zygomatic Process that articulates with the Zygomatic Bone

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3
Q

What are the noteworthy structures of the Temporal Bone?

A

Split into the:
1. Squamous Part (flat part that makes up part of skull)

  1. Petrous Part (compacted part with different processes):
    A. External Acoustic Meatus (opening for ear canal)
  2. Styloid Process (for muscle attachment)
  3. Mastoid Process (bump behind ear)
  4. Zygomatic Process (articulates with Zygomatic Bone)
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4
Q

What are the noteworthy structures of the Occipital Bone?

A
  1. Foramen Magnum (giant hole where brain stem becomes Spinal Cord)
  2. Occipital Condyles (2 that articulate with Atlas to “say yes”)
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5
Q

What are the noteworthy structures of the Sphenoid Bone?

A
  1. Greater Wing (bat wings)
  2. Lesser Wing (Yoda ears)
  3. Sella Turcica (houses Pituitary Gland)
  4. Pterygoid Process (legs that hang down from inferior side)
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6
Q

The Pterygoid Processes can only be seen from:

A
  1. Posterior View

2. Inferior View (looking up)

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7
Q

What are the noteworthy structures of the Ethmoid Bone?

A

“Right behind nose”

  1. Crista Galli (pokes upward)
  2. Cribriform Plate (horizontal and on either side of the Crista Galli)
  3. Perpendicular Plate (downwards right in the middle to form part of Nasal Septum)
  4. Superior Nasal Conchae (add surface area)
  5. Middle Nasal Conchae (add surface area)
  6. Sinuses (Ethmoid Air Cells to lighten head and increase surface area)
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8
Q

What is important about the Cribriform Plate?

A

It has tons of tiny holes called “Foramena of the Ethmoid Bone” for Olfactory Nerve (CN 1) to travel forward as nervelettes into the Superior Nasal Conchae to allow for smell

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9
Q

What are the Sutures?

A

4 different Fibrous connections between the Cranial Bones that are sort of like interlocking teeth that ossify around 35

NOTE: All of them have to do with the Parietal Bones

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10
Q

Name the Sutures of the Skull and the Intersection points:

A
  1. Coronal (connects Frontal with Parietal bones)
  2. Sagittal (Parietal to Parietal)
  3. Lambdoidal (Parietals to Occipital)
  4. Squamous (Parietal to Temporal)

A. Bregma is “soft spot” in babies where Sagittal and Coronal meet
B. Lambda where Sagittal and Lambdoidal meet

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11
Q

What are the bones of the face?

A

14 total:

  1. Maxilla (2 that ultimately fuse)
  2. Palatine (2 that form hard palate)
  3. Zygomatic (cheek prominence)
  4. Mandible (jaw)
  5. Lacrimal (2 that make up medial orbits)
  6. Nasal (2 that are the high bridge of your nose)
  7. Vomer (nasal septum)
  8. Inferior Nasal Conchae (2 to increase nasal surface area)
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12
Q

What are the 4 paired sets of bones in the adult face?

A
  1. Inferior Nasal Conchae
  2. Zygomatic (cheek bones)
  3. Nasal (nose bridge)
  4. Lacrimal (for Nasolacrimal Duct)
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13
Q

What bones do the Zygomatic Bones articulate with?

A
  1. Frontal Bone (via Frontal Process) superiorly
  2. Temporal Bone (via Temporal Process) posteriorly
  3. Maxilla (via Maxillary Process) inferiorly
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14
Q

What bones do the Nasal Bones articulate with?

A
  1. Frontal Bone (via Frontal Process) superiorly

2. Maxilla (via Maxillary Process) inferiorly

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15
Q

What is the Nasolacrimal Duct?

A

Runs in the Lacrimal Fossa space of superior medial Orbit to drain eyes into Nasal Cavity

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16
Q

What is a cleft palate? What dangers may it cause?

A
  1. Improper fusion of the 2 bones of the Maxilla

2. CANNOT create a suction due to hole in hard palate

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17
Q

What are the important structures of the Maxilla?

A
  1. Zygomatic Processes (articulates to Zygomatic bones)
  2. Infraorbital Foramen (nerve travels to face)
  3. Palatine Process (makes up 2/3 of hard palate and connects to Palatine bones)
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18
Q

What is the significance of the Vomer?

A

“Tortilla Chip” in inferior portion of Nasal Cavity that forms the Nasal septum with the Perpendicular Plate of the Ethmoid bone

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19
Q

What are the noteworthy structures of the Mandible?

A
  1. Mental Foramen (bilateral holes near chin for nerve travel)
  2. Body of Mandible (jawline)
  3. Ramus of Mandible (vertical part)
  4. Angle of Mandible (curved part)
  5. Coronoid Process (muscle attachment for mastication)
  6. Condylar Process (posterior and articulates with Fossa of the Temporal Bone to form Temporal Mandibular Joint)
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20
Q

What are the bones of the Orbit?

A

7 bones total:

  1. Frontal (majority of superior)
  2. Sphenoid (posterior)
  3. Zygomatic (lateral)
  4. Lacrimal (medial inside)
  5. Maxillary (infero-medial)
  6. Ethmoid (medial inside)
  7. Palatine (tiny)
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21
Q

What are the muscles of the face?

A
  1. Frontalis (eyebrow raise)
  2. Temporalis (chewing)
  3. Zygomaticus Major (smile)
  4. Orbicularis Oculi (eye)
  5. Orbicularis Oris (mouth)
  6. Masseter (chewing)
  7. Buccinator (cheek)
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22
Q

Frontalis:

  1. Action
  2. Innervation
A

“Frontal Belly of Epicranius”

  1. Raises Eyebrows
  2. Cranial Nerve (Facial Nerve AKA CN 7)
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23
Q

Orbicularis Oculi:

  1. Action
  2. Innervation
A

Surrounds eyeballs

  1. Forcefully closes eyes
  2. Cranial Nerve (Facial Nerve AKA CN 7)
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24
Q

Zygomaticus Major:

  1. Action
  2. Innervation
A
  1. Smiling (draws corners of mouth laterally and upward)

2. Cranial Nerve (Facial Nerve AKA CN 7)

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25
Q

Orbicularis Oris:

  1. Action
  2. Innervation
A
  1. Kissy/Duck Face (close and protrudes lips)

2. Cranial Nerve (Facial Nerve AKA CN 7)

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26
Q

Buccinator:

  1. Action
  2. Innervation
A

“Fleshy bit of our cheek”

  1. Keeps cheeks taught to precent biting while eating AND Compresses distended (blown up) cheeks
  2. Cranial Nerve (Facial Nerve AKA CN 7)
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27
Q

What are the muscles of Mastication?

A

4 major (3 of which raise jaw):

  1. Temporalis
  2. Masseter
  3. Medial Pterygoids
  4. Lateral Pterygoids

NOTE: All innervated by Cranial Nerve (Trigeminal Nerve AKA CN 5)

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28
Q

Temporalis:

  1. Action
  2. Innervation
A
  1. Big Strong fan shaped muscle in Temporal Fossa above Temporal bone that attaches to the Coronoid Process to raise Mandible forcefully
  2. Cranial Nerve (Trigeminal Nerve AKA CN 5)
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29
Q

Masseter:

  1. Action
  2. Innervation
A
  1. Goes from Zygomatic Arch to the Ramus of the Mandible to raise Mandible and close jaw
  2. Cranial Nerve (Trigeminal Nerve AKA CN 5)
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30
Q

What is the Blood Supply of the Face?

A

Branches that come from the External Carotid Artery:

  1. Facial (superior)
  2. Maxillary (inferior)
  3. Superficial Temporal (not so important)
  4. Occipital (not so important)
  5. Posterior Auricular (not so important)
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31
Q

What is the Venous Drainage of the Face?

A
  1. Mostly via Facial Vein to the Internal Jugular Vein

2. A little External Jugular Vein too

32
Q

What is the Lymphatic Drainage of the head?

A
  1. Occipital Region to Occipital Nodes and ultimately Cervical Nodes
  2. Posterior Scalp to Mastoid Nodes
  3. Anterior Upper Scalp and eye region to Pre-Auricular and Parotid Nodes (both by ear)
  4. Face to Submental and Submandibular Nodes (under Mandible)
33
Q

What is the opening from the Nasal Cavities into the Nasopharynx?

A

Choanae

34
Q

What is the Pharyngeal Isthmus?

A

The end of the Nasopharynx and beginning of the Oropharynx

35
Q

What is the Oropharyngeal Isthmus?

A

Opening from the Oral Cavity into the Oropharynx and the location of the Uvula

36
Q

What is the Uvula?

A

Part of the soft palate that hangs down into the Oropharynx to protect the Nasopharynx while you are eating

37
Q

What separates the Nasal and Oral Cavities?

A

Hard and Soft Palates!

38
Q

The two openings into the Nasal Cavity are called the:

A

Nares (Nostrils)

39
Q

What structures make up the bony septum that separates the 2 Nasal Cavities?

A
  1. Perpendicular Plate of Ethmoid Bone (superiorly)

2. Vomer (inferiorly)

40
Q

What structures make up the floor of the Nasal Cavity?

A

The roof of the mouth:

  1. Hard Palate (Palatine Process of Maxilla 2/3 and Palatine Bone 1/3)
  2. Soft Palate
41
Q

What is the position of the Nasal Cavity in relation to the Orbits?

A

Nasal Cavity sits in between the Orbits

42
Q

What is the significance of the Lateral Walls of the Nasal Cavity?

A

The Lateral Walls of the Nasal Cavity have 3 Conchae (curved shelves of bone) to increase surface area:

  1. Superior Nasal Conchae (Ethmoid bone)
  2. Middle Nasal Conchae (Ethmoid bone)
  3. Inferior Nasal Conchae (own unique bone)

NOTE: Each Conchae also has Meatus of the same name located inferiorly to it

43
Q

What is the significance of the Superior Nasal Conchae?

A

Where Olfactory nervelets imbed within the epithelium

44
Q

What are the regions of the Nasal Cavity?

A
  1. Vestibule (cartilaginous with skin and hair follicles)
  2. Respiratory (largest)
  3. Olfactory (around Superior Nasal Conchae)
45
Q

What are the Paranasal sinuses of the Nasal Cavity?

A

Open spaces that lighten the head and increase surface area while draining into the SUPERIOR ASPECT of the Nasal Cavity:

  1. Frontal (2)
  2. Maxillary (2) biggest and located under eyes
  3. Sphenoidal (2) most posterior
  4. Ethmoidal Air Cells (2)
46
Q

Where does the Nasolacrimal Duct run?

A

Medial Aspect of the Eye through the Lacrimal Fossa to drain your eyes into the Nasal Cavity

NOTE: Reason why you feel stuffy when you cry

47
Q

What is the Innervation of the Nasal Cavity?

A

Cranial Nerves

48
Q

What is the blood supply to the Nasal Cavity?

A
  1. Maxillary and Facial Arteries (both from External Carotid)
  2. Maybe some Internal Carotid Artery branches as well
49
Q

What is the Venous Drainage of the Nasal Cavity?

A

Facial Vein to the External Jugular

50
Q

What is the Lymphatic Drainage of the Nasal Cavity?

A

Submandibular Nodes

51
Q

What bones make up the walls of the Nasal Cavity?

A
  1. Medial Wall:
    A. Nasal Bones
    B. Perpendicular Plate of Ethmoid
    C. Vomer
  2. Floor:
    A. Palatine Process of Maxilla
    B. Palatine Bones
  3. Roof:
    A. Cribriform Plate of Ethmoid
4. Lateral Wall:
A. Ethmoid (via Sup and Med Conchae)
B. Sphenoid
C. Lacrimal
D. Maxilla
E. Inferior Nasal Conchae
52
Q

What are the bones that make up the Oral Cavity?

A
  1. Maxilla (Palatine Process and Upper Teeth)
  2. Palatine Bones
  3. Sphenoid Bone
  4. Temporal Bone
  5. Mandible (lower teeth)
53
Q

What makes up the floor of the Oral Cavity?

A

Suprahyoid Muscles!!

  1. Geniohyoid
  2. Mylohyoid
54
Q

What makes up the walls of the Oral Cavity?

A

Buccinator (to keep cheeks taught when eating and compressed when they are distended)

55
Q

What makes up the Roof of the Oral Cavity?

A
  1. Hard Palate (Palatine Process of Maxilla and Palatine Bone)
  2. Soft Palate
56
Q

The root of the tongue is attached to?

A

Root of the Tongue is attached infero-anteriorly to the Mandible

57
Q

What kind of muscles are in the tongue?

A
  1. Intrinsic Muscles (Smooth muscle within the tongue that control shape)
  2. Extrinsic Muscle (Skeletal Muscle that attaches to structures outside of the tongue to protrude, retract, depress, and elevate)
58
Q

What are the Salivary Glands of the Oral Cavity?

A
  1. Parotid (largest right under your ear producing serous)
  2. Submandibular (under mandible producing serous and mucus)
  3. Sublingual (under tongue producing serous and mucus mixed)
59
Q

What supplies blood to the tongue?

A

Lingual Artery (comes from External Carotid Artery)

60
Q

What is the Venous Drainage of the tongue?

A

Deep and Dorsal Lingual Veins that drain into the Internal Jugular Vein

61
Q

What is the Lymphatic Drainage of the tongue?

A

Deep Cervical Veins (along Internal Jugular)

62
Q

What is the innervation of the tongue?

A

Cranial Nerves

63
Q

What is the Pharyngotympanic Tube?

A

An opening that connects the Nasopharynx to the Middle Ear in order to equalize pressure in your Middle Ear with the outside world

64
Q

What are the two types of tonsils and where are they located?

A
  1. Pharyngeal Tonsils (Adenoids) are located in the Nasopharynx and cannot really be seen
  2. Palatine Tonsils (ones we normally think of) are located in the Oropharnyx hanging off of the soft palate
65
Q

What is the blood supply to the Naso-, Oro-, and Laryngopharynx?

A

Branches of the Facial, Maxillary, and Lingual Arteries which all branch from External Carotid Artery

66
Q

What is the Venous Drainage of the Naso-, Oro-, and Laryngopharynx?

A

External Jugular Vein

67
Q

What is the Lymphatic Drainge of the Naso-, Oro-, and Laryngopharynx?

A
  1. Retropharyngeal Nodes
  2. Paratracheal Nodes
  3. Infrahyoid Nodes
68
Q

What is the innervation to the Naso-, Oro-, and Laryngopharynx?

A

Cranial Nerves

69
Q

What are the parts of the Cerebrum?

A
  1. Frontal (makes you, you and develops into 20s)
  2. Parietal (2; primary sensory cortex)
  3. Occipital (Visual cortex)
  4. Temporal (olfactory and auditory cortices)
  5. Insula (inside; gustatory cortex)
70
Q

What is the function of the Cerebellum?

A

Balance and coordination

-think Sarah Bellum from Power Puff Girls providing balance to city

71
Q

What are the parts of the Diencephalon?

A
  1. Thalamus (brain relay center for primary sensory info)

2. Hypothalamus (Hormones, Circadian Rhythm)

72
Q

What does the Brainstem consist of?

A
  1. Midbrain (visual and auditory reflexes)
  2. Pons
  3. Medulla Oblongata (Decasation where nerves cross sides)
    - most CN come from Pons and Medulla
73
Q

What is the blood supply to the brain?

A

Circle of Willis via contributions from Internal Carotid and Vertebral Arteries
-sits inferiorly just above and anterior to brain stem

74
Q

Vertebral Arteries come together to form the

A

Basilar Artery

75
Q

What are the Meninges of the brain?

A

Superficial to Deep:

  1. Dura Mater (outermost, tough layer)
    - Subdural Soace
  2. Acrachnoid Mater
    - Subarachnoid Space (has CSF)
  3. Pia Mater

G2 Anatomy Exam 3 (8 decks)

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