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G2 Anatomy Exam 3 > Lower Extremities > Flashcards

Lower Extremities Flashcards

1
Q

What are the bones of the Lower Extremity?

A
  1. Femur (Thigh)
  2. Tibia
  3. Fibula
  4. Patella (Sesamoid Bone)
  5. Bones of Foot (Tarsals, Metatarsals, Phalanges)
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2
Q

How are the bones of the Leg oriented?

A
  1. Tibula is Medial
  2. Fibula is Lateral

“Fibula is Farther from midline”

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3
Q

The Femur articulates with what muscles?

A
  1. Acetabulum of the Hip (Proximally)

2. Tibia and Patella (Distally)

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4
Q

What is the Acetabulum?

A

Junction of the 3 Pelvic bones (Ilium, Ischium, and Pubis)

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5
Q

What type of joint is the hip joint considered? What bones make up the hip joint?

A
  1. Ball and Socket Joint

2. Round Head of the Femur (Proximal) articulates with the Acetabulum (Pelvic Bones)

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6
Q

What movements can the Hip Joint perform?

A
  1. aBduction
  2. aDduction
  3. Flexion
  4. Rotation (Lateral and Medial)
  5. Circumduction
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7
Q

What is the Acetabular Labrum?

A
  1. Fibrocartilage that helps form the cup of the hip joint for the Head of the Femur to sit in
  2. Supported inferiorly by the Transverse Acetabular Ligament
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8
Q

What is the Transverse Acetabular Ligament?

A

Ligament that “closes off the Acetabular Cup” by inferiorly supporting the Acetabular Labrum

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9
Q

What ligaments are the Acetabular Cap comprised of?

A
  1. Acetabular Labrum

2. Transverse Acetabular Ligament

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10
Q

What is the Fovea (Fovea Capitis)? What is its function?

A
  1. A depression in the head of the Femur
  2. Site where the Ligament of the Head of the Femur
    (AKA Ligamentum Teres Femoris) attaches the Head of the Femur to the cup of the Acetabulum and carries the Artery for the Head of the Femur
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11
Q

What is the Ligament of the Head of the Femur and why is it significant?

A
  1. Ligament that helps support the Hip Joint by connecting the Fovea (depression on the head of the Femur) to the cup of the Acetabulum
  2. Carries the Artery for the Head of the Femur
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12
Q

What are the portions of the Proximal end of the Femur?

A
  1. Head (Rounded part that forms the Hip joint and contains the Fovea)
  2. Neck (portion just Distal to the Head)
  3. Greater Trochanter (Lateral and larger “knob” for muscle attachment)
  4. Lesser Trochanter (Medial and smaller “knob” for muscle attachment)
  5. Shaft (contains Linea Aspera which is a long ridge on the posterior surface)
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13
Q

What is the Linea Aspera?

A

Ridge on the Posterior Surface of the Shaft (long part) of the Femur

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14
Q

What are the portions of the Distal Femur?

A
  1. Medial Condyle (to Tibia)
  2. Lateral Condyle (to Tibia)
  3. Medial Epicondyle (for muscle)
  4. Lateral Epicondyle (for muscle)
  5. Patellar Surface (for Patella)
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15
Q

What is the significance of the Condyles located on the Distal Femur?

A

The Medial and Lateral Condyles on the Distal end of the Femur articulate with the Medial and Lateral Condyles of the Tibia to form the knee joint (cartilage is in between them)

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16
Q

Explain the location of the Distal Femur’s Condyles opposed to their Epicondyles:

A

The Condyles are closer to the midline of the Femur and sit inferiorly to the Epicondyle that it shares a name with

i.e. The Medial Condyle is closer to the midline of the Femur (more lateral) and sits Inferiorly to the Medial Epicondyle

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17
Q

What is the Patellar Surface?

A

Flat surface on the Distal End of the Femur where the Patella “glides across”

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18
Q

What is the Patella?

A

The “Kneecap”

  1. The largest Sesamoid Bone (no bone articulation) in the body that sits within the tendon of the Quadriceps Femoris Muscle and glides across the Patellar Surface of the Femur
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19
Q

What is a Sesamoid Bone?

A

A bone within a tendon that is not directly connected with another bone but helps to increase the ability of the tendon

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20
Q

What are the bones of the Leg and how are they oriented?

A
  1. Tibia (Bigger and more Medial)
  2. Fibula (Smaller and more Lateral)

Connected by an Interosseous Membrane that separates the Anterior and Posterior muscle compartments of the leg

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21
Q

Which bone(s) articulates with the Femur to form the Knee Joint?

A. Fibula
B. Tibia
C. Both

A

B. The Medial and Lateral Condyles of the Tibia articulate with the Medial and Lateral Condyles of the Femur to form the knee joint along with the Patella

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22
Q

What is the significance of the Interosseous Membrane in the Leg?

A
  1. Connects the Tibia and Fibula

2. Separates the Leg muscles into Anterior and Posterior Muscle Compartments

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23
Q

What are the Malleoli?

A

“Bump outs” on the Distal portion of the Leg bones:

  1. Medial Malleolus (on Tibia)
  2. Lateral Malleolus (on Fibula)
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24
Q

How are the Bones of the Foot arranged?

A
  1. Tarsal Bones (7 total in
    Proximal and Distal Groups)
  2. Metatarsals (Pad of your foot)
  3. Phalanges (Distal, Middle, and Proximal except in Hallucis)
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25
Q

What bones are in the Proximal Group of the Tarsal Bones?

A
  1. Calcaneus (Heel bone where Achilles Tendon attaches)

2. Talus (articulates with the Tibia and Fibula in the Ankle Joint)

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26
Q

What bones are in the Distal Group of the Tarsal Bones?

A
  1. Cuboid (most Lateral)
  2. Navicular (more Medial and Distal)
  3. Cuneiforms (Medial, Intermediate, and Lateral)
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27
Q

What is the Latin word for “Big Toe?”

A

Hallucis

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28
Q

What is the orientation of the Phalanges of the foot?

A

In all toes aside from the Hallucis they are oriented:

  1. Proximal (closest to ankle)
  2. Middle
  3. Distal (tips of toes)
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29
Q

The Knee Joint is composed of:

A
  1. Femur to Tibia articulation

2. Femur and Patella interaction

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30
Q

The Knee Joint is considered a modified hinge joint meaning it can perform what actions?

A
  1. Flexion
  2. Extension
  3. Rotation in the Flexed position
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31
Q

What are the Menisci of the Knee and what is their purpose?

A

The Medial and Lateral Menisci are 2 C-shaped rings of Fibrocartilage situated between the Medial and Lateral Condyles of the Femur and Tibia to cushion and pad the knee joint

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32
Q

Describe how the Patella is situated in the Knee Joint:

A
  1. Connects to the Femur superiorly because it is located within the Quadriceps Femoris Tendon
  2. Connects to the Tibia inferiorly via the Patellar Ligament
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33
Q

What is the Patellar Reflex?

A

When the Knee is flexed, the tapping of the Patellar Ligament activates the Quadriceps Muscle causing Extension of the knee

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34
Q

What is the point of the Ligaments of the Knee?

A

To prevent displacement of the knee joint:

  1. Collateral Ligaments prevent lateral and medial displacement
  2. Cruciate Ligaments prevent anterior and posterior displacement
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35
Q

How can you remember which Leg bone is lateral and which one is medial?

A

“FOTI”
Fibula is Outside
Tibia is Inside

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36
Q

LCL:

  1. Name
  2. Location
  3. Action in terms of Tibia movement
  4. Action in terms of Femur movement
A
  1. Lateral (Fibular) Collateral Ligament
  2. Lateral (Fibular) side of the knee separated from Joint Capsule by a Bursa
  3. Prevents MEDIAL displacement of the TIBIA across the Femur
  4. Prevents LATERAL displacement of the FEMUR across the Tibia
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37
Q

MCL:

  1. Name
  2. Location
  3. Action in terms of Tibia movement
  4. Action in terms of Femur movement
A
  1. Medial (Tibial) Collateral Ligament
  2. Medial (Tibial) side of the knee associated with Medial Meniscus
  3. Prevents LATERAL displacement of the TIBIA across the Femur
  4. Prevents MEDIAL displacement of the FEMUR across the Tibia
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38
Q

ACL:

  1. Name
  2. Location
  3. Action in terms of Tibia movement
  4. Action in terms of Femur movement
A
  1. Anterior Cruciate Ligament
  2. Runs from Anterior Tibia and Medial Meniscus to the Posterior Femur
  3. Prevents ANTERIOR displacement of the TIBIA
  4. Prevents POSTERIOR displacement of the Femur
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39
Q

PCL:

  1. Name
  2. Location
  3. Action in terms of Tibia movement
  4. Action in terms of Femur movement
A
  1. Posterior Cruciate Ligament
  2. Runs from Posterior Tibia to Posterior Femur
  3. Prevents POSTERIOR displacement of the TIBIA
  4. Prevents ANTERIOR displacement of the FEMUR
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40
Q

How do you test for a Cruciate Ligament tear?

A

“Drawer Test”- with flexed knee, try to slide the Tibia

  1. ACL tear if Tibia slides forward (like a drawer)
  2. PCL tear if Tibia slides backwards
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41
Q

Is there more space on the Lateral or Medial side of the Knee?

A

The Lateral side has more space

Medial Side has the “Unhappy Triad” because the ACL, Medial Meniscus, and MCL are all attached to each other

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42
Q

What is the “Unhappy Triad”?

A

A blown out knee where the ACL, MCL, and Medial Meniscus are all torn

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43
Q

Elaborate on the Fascia of the Thigh

A
  1. Superficial Fascia (fatty)

2. Fascia Lata (deep fascia of the thigh)

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44
Q

Fascia Lata:

  1. What is it?
  2. What is it continuous with?
  3. What important structure does it form?
A
  1. Deep fascia of the thigh that is a thick covering of the thigh and gluteal region underneath superficial tissue
  2. Continuous with Deep Fascia of the Leg
  3. Thickens laterally to form IT Band (Iliotibial Tract)
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45
Q

What is the IT band?

A
  1. The “Iliotibial Tract” is a thickening of the Fascia Lata on the Lateral side of the Thigh important for stabilizing the knee via Tensor Fascia Lata
  2. Runs from the Ilium (Pelvis) to the Tibia (leg)
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46
Q

What muscles of the Gluteal reason are enclosed by the IT band?

A
  1. Gluteus Maximus

2. Tensor Fascia Lata

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47
Q

What is the Saphenous Opening?

A

An opening in the Thigh’s Fascia Lata for the Saphenous Vein (major superficial drainage vein of the Lower Extremity) to connect with the Deeper Femoral Vein

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48
Q

What are the compartments of the Thigh Muscles?

A

“ThAMP”

  1. Anterior (FHAKE)
  2. Medial (Mr. ThaD)
  3. Posterior (HE FKD)
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49
Q

What is the acronym for nerves that provide motor innervation to the thigh?

A

“FP MOMS FAPS”
1. First Two words are the Medial Compartment
A. Femoral uses Pectineus
B. most of Medial uses Obturator
C. (aBductor) Magnus innervated by Sciatic

  1. Third Word
    A. Femoral innervates Anterior
    B. Posterior uses Sciatic
50
Q

What are the muscles of the Anterior Compartment of the Thigh? What nerve provides them with motor innervation?

A 
FEMORAL NERVE
1. Sartorius
2. "Quads"
A. Rectus Femoris
B. Vastus Lateralis
C. Vastus Intermedius
D. Vastus Medialis

All 4 Quads have common tendon (Quadriceps Tendon) that houses the Patella and connects to the Tibia via the Patellar Ligament

51
Q

What actions do the Anterior Thigh Muscles perform?

A

“FHAKE”

  1. Flexion of the Hip
  2. Knee Extension
52
Q

What are the muscles of the Medial Compartment of the Thigh? What nerves provide them with motor innervation?

A
  1. Gracilis (Obturator Nerve)
  2. Pectineus (Femoral Nerve)
  3. Abductor Group:
    A. Adductor Longus (Obturator)
    B. Adductor Brevis (Obturator)
    C. Adductor Magnus (Sciatic)
53
Q

What actions do the Medial Thigh Muscles perform?

A

“Mr. ThaD”

  1. Medial Rotation
  2. Thigh aDduction
54
Q

What are the muscles of the Posterior Compartment of the Thigh? What nerve provides them with motor innervation?

A

SCIATIC NERVE

The “Hamstrings”:

  1. Biceps Femoris
  2. Semitendinosus
  3. Semimembranosus
55
Q

What actions do the Posterior Thigh Muscles perform?

A

“HE FKD”

  1. Hip Extension
  2. Flexion of Knee

D is just for Dorsal to indicate Posterior

56
Q

What muscles are the Hip Flexors? Where do they insert?

A
  1. Iliopsoas Muscles

2. Insert on the Lesser Trochanter of the Femur

57
Q

Sartorius Muscle:

  1. What compartment is it located in
  2. Action
  3. Innervation
A
  1. “S-shaped” muscle in the Anterior Thigh Compartment that runs obliquely downward from the ASIS to the Medial Side of the Tibia
  2. Sartorius for Stepping in Shit
    A. HER FaB- Hip External Rotation, Flexion, and aBduction
    B. Knee Flexion
  3. Femoral Nerve
58
Q

Muscles of the Quadriceps Femoris Group AKA “Quads”:

  1. Name the muscles
  2. What nerve innervates them?
  3. What is their action?
A 
1. 4 Quad muscles:
A. Rectus Femoris (runs from AIIS to Tibia via Patellar Ligament)
B. Vastus Lateralis
C. Vastus Intermedias
D. Vastus Medialis
  1. Femoral Nerve!!!
  2. Knee Extension AND Rectus Femoris flexes at the hip

NOTE: All 3 Vastus Muscles originate on the Femur and Insert on the Tibia via Patellar Ligament

59
Q

Which Quad muscle is most Anterior? Where does it Originate and Insert?

A
  1. Rectus Femoris
  2. Originates at Anterior Inferior Iliac Spine (Pelvis)
  3. Inserts in Quadriceps Tendon that is connected to the Tibia via the Patellar Ligament
60
Q

How are the Quad muscles oriented?

A

Rectus Femoris is most anterior with the Vastus Medialis directly deep to it and the Vastus Lateralis and Vastus Medialis on either side

61
Q

Gracilis:

  1. What compartment is it located in
  2. Action
  3. Innervation
A
  1. Thin muscle on medial side of Thigh that stretches from the pelvis to the Tibia in the Medial Compartment
  2. Adduction of the Thigh
  3. Obturator Nerve
    “FP MOMS FAPS”
62
Q

Pectineus:

  1. What compartment is it located in
  2. Action
  3. Innervation
A
  1. Short muscle in the Medial Compartment that goes from the Pelvis to the Femur
  2. Adduction of the Thigh
  3. Femoral Nerve
63
Q

Adductor Group of Muscles:

  1. Name the muscles
  2. What nerve innervates them?
  3. What is their action?
A
  1. 3 Fan shaped muscles running from Pelvis to Lateral Femur:
    A. Adductor Longus (smallest and most superior)
    B. Adductor Brevis
    C. Adductor Magnus (biggest and most inferior)
  2. Longus, Brevis, part of Magnus are innervated by the Obturator Nerve
    B. Part of Magnus is also innervated by Sciatic Nerve
  3. Adduction and Media Rotation of the Thigh
64
Q

What is unique about the Adductor Magnus?

A
  1. Has an opening called the Adductor Hiatus for Femoral Artery and Vein to pass into the Popliteal Fossa (behind knee) and ultimately supply the Leg
  2. Innervated by both the Obturator and Sciatic Nerves
65
Q

Hamstring Group of Muscles:

  1. Name the muscles
  2. What nerve innervates them?
  3. What is their action?
A
  1. 3 muscles (1 Lateral and 2 Medial) in the Posterior Compartment of the Thigh
    A. Biceps Femoris (Lateral most with Pelvic and Femur origins that runs to the Fibula)
    B. SemiMembranosus (Medial Most runs from Pelvis to Tibia)
    C. SemiTendinosus (sits on Top of SemiMembranosus AKA more posterior/superficial)
  2. Sciatic Nerve
    “FP MOMS FAPS”
  3. “HE FKD”:
    A. Hip Extension
    B. Flex Knee
    C. Rotate Leg
66
Q

What are the two branches of the Sciatic Nerve?

A
  1. Tibial Nerve

2. Common Fibular Nerve

67
Q

Femoral Triangle:

  1. What are the boundaries?
  2. What does it contain?
A
  1. Boundaries “ILS MALLS”:
    A. Inguinal Ligament (Superior)
    B. (Medial) Adductor Longus
    C. (Lateral) Sartorius
  2. Space on Antero-Medial Thigh that contains Femoral Neurovascular Bundle coming from the Pelvis. Lateral to Medial the Bundle contains:
    Lat–NAVeL–Med (Nerve>Artery>Vein>Lymphatics)
68
Q

Femoral Artery and Vein are continuations of what Pelvic vessels?

A

External Iliac Artery and Vein

-name changes once they cross Inguinal Ligament

69
Q

What is a major pulse point in the Thigh?

A

Femoral Artery on the anterior portion of the Thigh in the Femoral Triangle

70
Q

Why is the Femoral Vein important? How can it be located?

A
  1. Lines can be put into the Femoral Vein for procedures

2. Feel for pulse of Femoral Artery and go Medial

71
Q

What is the purpose of the Femoral Triangle?

A

The Femoral Triangle allows the Femoral Artery and Vein (Nerve branched in muscle) to travel to the medial side of the thigh where they enter the Adductor Canal (Between Adductor Muscles) before passing though the Adductor Hiatus (Gap in Adductor Magnus) and go behind the Knee Joint into the Popliteal Fossa

72
Q

What is the Adductor Canal?

A
  1. A space between the Adductor Muscles of the Medial Thigh that is continuous with the Femoral Triangle
  2. Where the Femoral Artery and Vein travel
73
Q

What is the Adductor Hiatus?

A

An opening in the Adductor Magnus muscle of the Medial Thigh Compartment that allows the Femoral Artery and Vein to pass into the Popliteal Fossa (area behind knee) and ultimately supply the Leg

74
Q

What is the significance of the Popliteal Fossa?

A

“Squishy Area” behind the knee joint where the Femoral Artery and Vein become the Popliteal Artery and Vein and go on to supply the Leg

75
Q

What are the boundaries of the Popliteal Fossa?

A

“MS. LaB PIG”

  1. Medially- Semitendinosus and Semimembranosus
  2. Laterally- Biceps Femoris
  3. Inferiorly- Gastrocnemius and Plantaris (2 heads each muscle)
76
Q

What vessels pass through the Popliteal Fossa?

A
  1. Popliteal Artery (formerly Femoral)
  2. Popliteal Vein (formerly Femoral)
  3. Tibial Nerve (branched from Sciatic)
  4. Common Fibular Nerve (branched from Sciatic)
77
Q

What is the Pes Anserinus?

A

3 prong attachment of skinny Thigh muscle tendons (one from each compartment) that attaches on the Medial Side of the Tibia and helps to medially support the knee

78
Q

What are the 3 muscles that make up the Pes Anserinus?

A
  1. Sartorius (from Anterior Compartment)
  2. Gracilis (from Medial Compartment)
  3. Semitendinosus (from Posterior Compartment)
79
Q

What are the 3 Muscle compartments of the Leg?

A

“PAL”

  1. Posterior (Put DIFFT SPF )
  2. Lateral (“LEFt”)
  3. Anterior (“IF A TightEnd DownField”)
80
Q

What is the biggest muscle compartment of the Posterior Leg?

A

POSTERIOR AKA Flexor Compartment! Split into 2 groups:

  1. Superficial
  2. Deep
81
Q

What is Ankle Inversion?

A

Inversion is when the Soles face inwards towards the midline

82
Q

What is Ankle Eversion?

A

Eversion is when the Soles face outwards away from the midline

83
Q

How does the Sciatic Nerve branch?

A

In the Popliteal Fossa, the Sciatic Nerve branches into:
1. Tibial Nerve- goes straight down and supplies the Posterior

  1. Common Fibular Nerve- travels Laterally to go around the head of the Fibula and splits into the Superficial Fibular Branch (innervates Lateral Side) and Deep Fibular Branch (innervates Anterior Side)
84
Q

What is the acronym for Lower Leg innervation?

A

“PosT SaLAD ComFi”
1. Posterior Compartment (Tibial)

  1. Superficial Fibular Branch of Common Fibular Nerve (Lateral)
  2. Deep Fibular Branch of Common Fibular Nerve (Anterior)
85
Q

What are the muscles in the Superficial Group of the Posterior Compartment Leg Muscles?

A
  1. Gastrocnemius (calf)
  2. Soleus
  3. Plantaris

ALL 3 have TIBIAL NERVE innervation

86
Q

Gastrocnemius:

  1. Where is it located?
  2. What is its action?
  3. What is it innervated by?
A

“Calf Muscle”
1. Located in the Posterior Superficial Compartment and has 2 heads that originate on the Femur and inserts on the Calcaneal (Achilles) Tendon that inserts on the Calcaneus (Heel) Bone

  1. Flexes Knee and Plantarflexion
  2. Tibial Nerve
87
Q

Soleus:

  1. Where is it located?
  2. What is its action?
  3. What is it innervated by?
A
  1. Flat muscle located Deep to Gastrocnemius in the Posterior Superficial Compartment that originates at the Tibia and Fibula and inserts on the Calcaneal (Achilles) Tendon that inserts on the Calcaneus (Heel) Bone
  2. Flexes Knee and Plantarflexion
  3. Tibial Nerve
88
Q

Plantaris:

  1. Where is it located?
  2. What is its action?
  3. What is it innervated by?
A
  1. Small Muscle of the Posterior Superficial Compartment that originates at the Femur and ends in a long tendon that inserts on the Calcaneal (Achilles) Tendon that inserts on the Calcaneus (Heel) Bone
  2. Plantarflexion
  3. Tibial Nerve
89
Q

What is the common tendon between the Gastrocnemius, Soleus, and Plantaris (Superficial Group of the Posterior Compartment of Leg Muscles)? What happens if it ruptures?

A
  1. Calcaneal (Achilles) Tendon
  2. If ruptured, patient is unable to push off with their foot due to inability to perform Plantarflexion, so they drag their feet
90
Q

What are the muscles in the Deep Group of the Posterior Compartment Leg Muscles?

A
  1. Popliteus
  2. Tibialis Posterior
  3. Flexor Hallucis Longus
  4. Flexor Digitorum Longus
91
Q

Popliteus:

  1. Where is it located?
  2. What is its action?
  3. What is it innervated by?
A
  1. Small Triangular Muscle in the Deep Group of the Posterior Compartment of the Leg near the Knee that travels from the Lateral Femur to the Tibia
  2. Stabilizes Knee BUT also Unlocks Knee from Extended position (by rotating Tibia)
  3. Tibial Nerve
92
Q

Tibialis Posterior:

  1. Where is it located?
  2. What is its action?
  3. What is it innervated by?
A
  1. A Muscle in the Deep Group of the Posterior Compartment of the Leg that is on the posterior side of the Tibia and inserts on the medial side of the Tarsal Bones
  2. Inversion of the Foot (turns soles medially) and Plantar Flexion
93
Q

Flexor Digitorum Longus:

  1. Where is it located?
  2. What is its action?
  3. What is it innervated by?
A
  1. A Muscle in the Deep Group of the Posterior Compartment of the Leg that stretches from the Tibia and divides into Tendons that insert on the Plantar Surface of the Phalanges
  2. Flexes Toes
  3. Tibial Nerve
94
Q

Flexor Hallucis Longus:

  1. Where is it located?
  2. What is its action?
  3. What is it innervated by?
A
  1. A Muscle in the Deep Group of the Posterior Compartment of the Leg that stretches from the Tibia and inserts as a Tendon on the Plantar Surface of the Big Toe (Hallucis)
  2. Flexes Toes
  3. Tibial Nerve
95
Q

What are the muscles located in the Lateral Compartment of the Leg?

A
  1. Fibularis (Peroneus) Longus

2. Fibularis (Peroneus) Brevis

96
Q

Fibularis Longus:

  1. Where is it located?
  2. What is its action?
  3. What is it innervated by?
A
  1. Muscle in the Lateral Compartment of the Leg that originates on the Fibula and inserts on the MEDIAL side of the Foot’s Dorsum
  2. Ankle Eversion and some Plantarflexion
  3. Superficial Fibular Branch of the Common Fibular Nerve
97
Q

Fibularis Brevis:

  1. Where is it located?
  2. What is its action?
  3. What is it innervated by?
A
  1. Muscle in the Lateral Compartment of the Leg that originates on the Fibula and inserts on the LATERAL side of the Foot
  2. Ankle Eversion and some Plantarflexion
  3. Superficial Fibular Branch of the Common Fibular Nerve
98
Q

What is the significance of the Common Fibular Nerve pathway?

A

The Common Fibular Nerve goes around the head of the Fibula where it branches into the Superficial Fibular Branch (Lateral) and the Deep Fibular Branch (Anterior)

Since it is right up against the Fibula, the Common Fibular Nerve can be compressed against the bone and injured

99
Q

What is the example Dr. Castilla gave of injuring the Common Fibular Nerve?

A

A pedestrian being hit by a car can injure the Common Fibular Nerve since the bumper is at about the same height

100
Q

What are the muscles located in the Anterior Compartment of the Leg?

A
  1. Tibialis Anterior
  2. Extensor Hallucis Longus
  3. Extensor Digitorum Longus
  4. Fibularis Tertius
101
Q

Tibialis Anterior:

  1. Where is it located?
  2. What is its action?
  3. What is it innervated by?
A

“Gives you shin splints when inflamed”

  1. A muscle in the Anterior Compartment of the Leg that originates on the Anterior side of the Tibia and inserts on the Medial foot
  2. Dorsiflexion and Foot Inversion
  3. Deep Fibular Branch of the Common Fibular Nerve
102
Q

Extensor Hallucis Longus:

  1. Where is it located?
  2. What is its action?
  3. What is it innervated by?
A
  1. A muscle in the Anterior Compartment of the Leg that originates on the Anteromedial Fibula with Tendons that insert on the Phalanges of the Big Toe
  2. Dorsiflexion and Extension of the Big Toe
  3. Deep Fibular Branch of the Common Fibular Nerve
103
Q

Extensor Digitorum Longus:

  1. Where is it located?
  2. What is its action?
  3. What is it innervated by?
A
  1. A muscle in the Anterior Compartment of the Leg that originates on the Tibia and Fibula with Tendons that insert on the Phalanges of the Toes
  2. Dorsiflexion and Extension of the Toes
  3. Deep Fibular Branch of the Common Fibular Nerve
104
Q

Fibularis Tertius:

  1. Where is it located?
  2. What is its action?
  3. What is it innervated by?
A
  1. A muscle in the Anterior Compartment of the Leg that originates on the Fibula (distal, anterior portion) and inserts on the Pinky toe Metatarsal
  2. Dorsiflexion
  3. Deep Fibular Branch of the Common Fibular Nerve
105
Q

What are shin splints?

A

Inflammation of the Tibialis Anterior (Anterior Compartent of Leg) causing pain when one Dorsiflexes (pushes off to walk)

106
Q

What does the Femoral Nerve Innervate?

A
  1. Motor Innervation of the Anterior Compartment of the Thigh
  2. Cutaneous Innervation of the Leg

NOTE: Comes from Lumbar Plexus

107
Q

What does the Obturator Nerve innervate?

A
  1. Motor Innervation of the Medial Compartment of the Thigh
  2. Cutaneous Innervation of the Medial Thigh

NOTE : Comes from Lumbar Plexus

108
Q

What does the Sciatic Nerve innervate?

A

Comes from below Piriformis in Gluteal Region
1. Motor Innervation of the Posterior Compartment of the Thigh and part of Adductor Magnus

  1. Divides into Tibial Nerve (innervates Posterior Leg and most of foot) and Common Fibular Nerve (innervates Anterior and Lateral Leg and some foot)

NOTE: Comes from Lumbosacral Plexus

109
Q

Cutaneous Innervation of the Anterior side of the Lower Extremities:

A
  1. Obturator (Upper median Thigh)
  2. Femoral (Anterior Thigh)
  3. Lateral Cutaneous Nerve of the Thigh (Lateral thigh)
  4. Saphenous Nerve (Medial Leg and Foot)
  5. Common Fibular (Lateral Leg and dorsum of foot)
110
Q

Cutaneous Innervation of the Posterior side of the Lower Extremities:

A
  1. Posterior Cutaneous Nerve of the Thigh (Posterior Thigh)

2. Tibial (posterior of Distal Leg and foot)

111
Q

Blood Supply to the Lower Extremity:

A
  1. The External Iliac Artery passes under the Inguinal Ligament where it becomes the Femoral Artery
  2. The Femoral Artery travels medially through the Femoral Triangle to supply most of the Thigh
  3. Deep Femoral Artery (Profunda Femoris Branch) branches off early on from the Femoral Artery to provide some of the Lateral Thigh
  4. The Femoral Artery travels through the Adductor Hiatus (opening on Adductor Magnus) to enter the Popliteal Fossa where it becomes the Popliteal Artery
  5. The Popliteal Artery travels into the leg posteriorly and divides into the Anterior Tibial Artery and the Posterior Tibial Artery
  6. In the foot, the Anterior Tibial Artery becomes the Dorsalis Pedis Artery (good pulse point)
  7. The arteries of the foot form arches to supply blood to the toes
112
Q

What are notable Pulse Points of the Lower Extremities?

A
  1. Femoral Triangle (Femoral Artery pulse)
  2. Popliteal Fossa (Popliteal Artery pulse)
  3. Just behind Medial Malleolus bump-out (Posterior Tibial Artery pulse)
  4. Dorsum of the foot (Dorsalis Pedis Artery pulse)
113
Q

What is unique about the Superficial Veins of the Lower Extremities?

A

“Superficial Veins of the Lower Extremities are not paired with Arteries and are called Saphenous Veins.”

114
Q

What are the Veins of the Lower Extremities?

A
  1. Femoral Vein (where everything collects)
  2. Great Saphenous Vein (drain Anterior Medial Leg AND Medial Thigh into Femoral)
  3. Small Saphenous Vein (drain Posterior Leg into the Popliteal Vein)
115
Q

Most Veins of the Lower Extremities drain into what?

A

Femoral Vein

116
Q

Describe the Pathway of Blood for Lower Extremity Venous Drainage:

A
  1. Dorsal Venous Arch of the foot drains into the Great OR Small Saphenous Vein
  2. Small Saphenous Vein empties into the Popliteal Vein
  3. Great Saphenous Vein and Popliteal Vein empty into the Femoral Vein
  4. Femoral Vein empties into the External Iliac Vein
  5. External Iliac Vein empties into the Common Iliac Vein
  6. Common Iliac Vein empties into the IVC
117
Q

What is the Lymphatic Drainage of the Lower Extremities?

A

Lymphatics of the LE drain into Superficial AND Deep Inguinal Nodes near the Inguinal Ligament in the Groin

118
Q

What is the Tarsal Tunnel?

A

Pathway located on the Posterior Medial Side of the Foot that is covered by Flexor Retinaculum and allows many important structures to enter the Plantar Surface of the Foot

119
Q

What bones are involved in the Ankle Joint?

A

Synovial Joint between:

  1. Talus (part of Tarsal Bone group)
  2. Tibia
  3. Fibula

Allow Plantarflexion/Dorsiflexion AND Inversion/Eversion

120
Q

What structures pass through the Tarsal Tunnel to the Plantar surface of the Foot?

A

“A Very Nervous Tom Digs Holes”

  1. Posterior Tibial Artery
  2. Posterior Tibial Vein
  3. Tibial Nerve
  4. Tendon of the Tibialis Posterior muscle
  5. Tendon of the Flexor Digitorum Longus muscle
  6. Tendon of Flexor Hallucis Longus muscle
121
Q

What Muscles and Nerves are on the Dorsum of the Foot?

A
  1. Tendon of the Tibialis Anterior muscle
  2. Tendon of the Extensor Digitorum Longus muscle
  3. Tendon of the Extensor Hallucis Longus muscle

G2 Anatomy Exam 3 (8 decks)

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