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G2 Anatomy Exam 3 > Intro to Joints and the Gluteal Region > Flashcards

Intro to Joints and the Gluteal Region Flashcards

1
Q

Synovial Joints are separated by…

A

A Physical Space

Two bones are separated by a Fluid-Filled Joint Cavity

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2
Q

What does Diarthrotic mean?

A

A functional classification that means the joint has a lot of free mobility

ALL SYNOVIAL JOINTS ARE DIARTHROTIC

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3
Q

Synovial Joints are (blank) but not very (blank)

A

Synovial Joints are MOBILE but not very STABLE

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4
Q

What are the 6 features of Synovial Joints?

A
  1. Articular Cartilage
  2. Synovial Cavity
  3. Synovial Fluid
  4. Joint Capsule
  5. Reinforcing Ligaments
  6. Nerves and Blood Vessels
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5
Q

What is Articular Cartilage?

A

A smooth cap of cartilage at the end of long bones that facilitates movement

**Useful because cartilage is not highly innervated so eases pain

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6
Q

What is the Synovial Cavity?

A
  1. Physical space between the two bones that forms the joint

2. Full of Synovial Fluid

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7
Q

Where is Synovial Fluid located and where is it produced?

A
  1. Located in the Synovial Cavity

2. Produced by the Synovial Membrane of the Joint Capsule

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8
Q

What is the Joint Capsule?

A
  1. Part that holds the two bones in a joint together since they are not actually touching
  2. Composed of 2 parts:
    A. Fibrous Layer (External)
    B. Synovial Membrane (Makes Synovial Fluid/Internal)
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9
Q

What are Fatty Pads?

A
  1. Feature of the Synovial Joints
  2. Extra Adipose tissue for cushioning between the fibrous layer and the synovial membrane or bone

**Fibrous Layer and Synovial Membrane are both in the Joint Capsule

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10
Q

What are Articular Discs (Menisci)?

A
  1. Feature of the Synovial Joints
  2. ONLY located in the Knee Joint
  3. Fibrocartilage that separates articular surfaces to improve the “fit” of bone ends, stabilize joint, and reduce wear and tear
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11
Q

What are Bursae?

A

“Miniature Joint Capsules”

  1. Feature of the Synovial Joints
  2. Sacs lined with Synovial Membrane that contain Synovial Fluid
  3. Reduce friction where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones rub together
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12
Q

What are Tendon Sheaths?

A

Similar to Joint Capsules

  1. Feature of the Synovial Joints
  2. Elongated bursa wrapped completely around tendons that are subject to friction
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13
Q

What are the 6 types of Synovial Joints?

A
  1. Plane
  2. Hinge
  3. Pivot
  4. Condylar
  5. Saddle
  6. Ball-and-Socket
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14
Q

What type of Synovial Joints have the most mobility and least stability?

A

Ball and Socket

-located in shoulders and hips

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15
Q

What is a Plane Joint? What are some examples of Plane Joints?

A

“Planes glide”

  1. Two solid flat structures slide/glide against each other ever so slightly
  2. Nonaxial Movement (Micro-movement that is not within a plane)
  3. Poor mobility

Examples:

  1. Intercarpal Joints
  2. Intertarsal Joints
  3. Dihypophyseal Joints (between vertebral articular surfaces)
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16
Q

What is a Hinge Joint? What are some examples of Hinge Joints?

A

“Door Hinge”

  1. Uniaxial movement (moves in one plane)
  2. Can only perform FLEXION and EXTENSION

Examples:

  1. Elbow Joints
  2. Knee Joints
  3. Interphalangeal Joints (Top 2 joints of your fingers)
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17
Q

What is a Pivot Joint? What are some examples of Pivot Joints?

A
  1. Uniaxial Movement (Rotation)
  2. Axle (rounded bone) rotates in the Sleeve (Bone and Ligament)

Examples:

  1. Proximal Radioulnar Joints (Radius spins against the Ulna for Supination and Pronation)
  2. Atlantoaxial Joint (In Neck to Pivot Head)
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18
Q

What is a Condylar Joint? What are some examples of Condylar Joints?

A
  1. Meeting point between a convex and a concave surface
  2. Biaxial Movement (Flexion/Extension AND aBduction/aDduction)

Examples:

  1. Metacarpophalangeal Joints (Big Knuckles of your hand)
  2. Wrist Joints
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19
Q

What is a Saddle Joint? What are some examples of Saddle Joints?

A

“Like a Saddle Sits on a horse”

  1. Uniquely Shaped Condylar Joint
  2. Biaxial Movement (Flexion/Extension AND aBduction/aDduction)
  3. ONE PLACE IN THE BODY
Example:
Carpometacarpal Joints (At base of the Thumb attaching it to the Wrist)
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20
Q

What is a Ball-and-Socket Joint? What are some examples of Ball-and-Socket Joints?

A
  1. MOST Mobility and LEAST Stability
  2. Multiaxial Movement (Flexion/Extension, aBduction/aDduction, AND Rotation)

Examples:

  1. Shoulder Joints (Head of Humerus sits in the Glenoid Fossa)
  2. Hip Joints (Head of the Femur sits in the Acetabulum)
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21
Q

How is the Lower Limb anchored to the Axial Skeleton?

A

Sacroiliac Joint and Ligaments

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22
Q

What are the regions of the Lower Limb?

A
  1. Gluteal Region (Posterior)
  2. Thigh
  3. Leg
  4. Foot
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23
Q

How is the Lower Limb Innervated?

A

Branches of the Lumbosacral Plexus

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24
Q

What are the branches of the Lumbosacral Plexus?

A
  1. Ilio-Inguinal (Abdominal Muscles)
  2. Genitofemoral (Genitalia and Central Thigh)
  3. Femoral (Anterior Thigh)
  4. Obturator (Medial Thigh)
  5. Sciatic (Posterior Thigh and Leg)
  6. Superior Gluteal (Gluteal)
  7. Inferior Gluteal (Gluteal)
  8. Lateral Cutaneous Nerve of the Thigh
  9. Posterior Cutaneous Nerve of the Thigh
  10. Nerve to Quadratus Femoris (Gluteal)
  11. Nerve to Obturator Internus (Gluteal)
  12. Perforating Cutaneous Nerve
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25
Q

What Spinal Segments does the Lumbosacral Plexus span?

A

L1-S4

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26
Q

Ilio-Inguinal Nerve:

  1. Spinal Segment it correlates to?
  2. Motor Function in Lower Limb?
  3. Sensory Function in Lower Limb?
A
  1. L1
  2. NONE- innervates motor for Abdominal Wall muscles
  3. Skin over Anteromedial Thigh and Adjacent Peritoneum
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27
Q

Genitofemoral Nerve:

  1. Spinal Segment it correlates to?
  2. Motor Function in Lower Limb?
  3. Sensory Function in Lower Limb?
A
  1. L1-L2
  2. NONE- Genital branch innervates motor for Cremaster Muscle
  3. Femoral Branch- skin on anterior central Thigh AND Genital Branch- skin on Anterior Perineum
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28
Q

Femoral Nerve:

  1. Spinal Segment it correlates to?
  2. Motor Function in Lower Limb?
  3. Sensory Function in Lower Limb?
A
  1. L2-L4
  2. Muscles in Anterior Compartment of the Thigh (Iliacus and Pectineus)
  3. Skin over Anterior Thigh, Anteromedial Knee, Medial Leg, Medial Foot
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29
Q

Obturator Nerve:

  1. Spinal Segment it correlates to?
  2. Motor Function in Lower Limb?
  3. Sensory Function in Lower Limb?
A
  1. L2-L4
  2. Muscles in Medial Compartment of the Thigh (EXCEPT Pectineus and part of Adductor Magnus) and Obturator Externus
  3. Skin over Upper Medial Thigh
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30
Q

Sciatic Nerve:

  1. Spinal Segment it correlates to?
  2. Motor Function in Lower Limb?
  3. Sensory Function in Lower Limb?
A
  1. L4-S3
  2. Muscles in Posterior Compartment of the Thigh, part of the Adductor Magnus (Medial Thigh), Leg and Foot Muscles
  3. Skin over Lateral Leg AND Sole, Lateral, and Dorsal Surfaces of the Foot
31
Q

Superior Gluteal:

  1. Spinal Segment it correlates to?
  2. Motor Function in Lower Limb?
  3. Sensory Function in Lower Limb?
A
  1. L4-S1
  2. Gluteus Medius, Gluteus Minimus, and Tensor Fascia Lata
  3. NONE
32
Q

Inferior Gluteal:

  1. Spinal Segment it correlates to?
  2. Motor Function in Lower Limb?
  3. Sensory Function in Lower Limb?
A
  1. L5-S2
  2. Gluteus Maximus
  3. NONE
33
Q

Lateral Cutaneous Nerve of the Thigh:

  1. Spinal Segment it correlates to?
  2. Motor Function in Lower Limb?
  3. Sensory Function in Lower Limb?
A
  1. L2-L3
  2. NONE
  3. Parietal Peritoneum in Iliac Fossa AND skin over Anterolateral Thigh
34
Q

Posterior Cutaneous Nerve of the Thigh:

  1. Spinal Segment it correlates to?
  2. Motor Function in Lower Limb?
  3. Sensory Function in Lower Limb?
A
  1. S1-S3
  2. NONE
  3. Skin over Upper Medial Thigh AND adjacent perineum, Posterior Thigh and Upper Posterior Leg
35
Q

Nerve to Quadratus Femoris:

  1. Spinal Segment it correlates to?
  2. Motor Function in Lower Limb?
  3. Sensory Function in Lower Limb?
A
  1. L4-S1
  2. Quadratus Femoris AND Inferior Gemellus
  3. NONE
36
Q

Nerve to Obturator Internus:

  1. Spinal Segment it correlates to?
  2. Motor Function in Lower Limb?
  3. Sensory Function in Lower Limb?
A
  1. L5-S2
  2. Obturator Internus AND Superior Gemellus
  3. NONE
37
Q

Perforating Cutaneous Nerve:

  1. Spinal Segment it correlates to?
  2. Motor Function in Lower Limb?
  3. Sensory Function in Lower Limb?
A
  1. S2-S3
  2. NONE
  3. Skin over Medial Gluteal Fold
38
Q

What are the Superficial Group of Larger Muscles in the Gluteal Region?

A
  1. Gluteus Maximus (Largest and most Superficial)
  2. Gluteus Medius
  3. Gluteus Minimus (Smallest and Deepest)
  4. Tensor Fascia Latae (Anterior)

ALL INSERT INTO THE Iliotibial Tract (IT BAND)

39
Q

What does the Tensor Fascia Latae Muscle do?

A
  1. Within the IT Band

2. Stabilizes all of the Fascia during certain muscle movements

40
Q

Gluteus Minimus:

  1. Origin
  2. Insertion
  3. Innervation
  4. Action
A
  1. Posterior Ilium between Anterior and Inferior Gluteal Lines
  2. Greater Trochanter
  3. Superior Gluteal Nerve
  4. aBduct Femur AND stabilization of Pelvis during single leg stance
41
Q

Gluteus Medius:

  1. Origin
  2. Insertion
  3. Innervation
  4. Action
A
  1. Posterior Ilium between Anterior and Inferior Gluteal Lines
  2. Greater Trochanter
  3. Superior Gluteal Nerve
  4. aBduct Femur AND stabilization of Pelvis during single leg stance
42
Q

Gluteus Maximus:

  1. Origin
  2. Insertion
  3. Innervation
  4. Action
A
  1. Fascia covering Gluteus Medius, Posterior Ilium, Fascia of Erector Spinae, Dorsal Surface of Sacrum, Coccyx, and Sacrotuberous Ligament
  2. Posterior IT Band and Gluteal Tuberosity
  3. Inferior Gluteal Nerve
  4. Hip: Extension, Lateral rotation, AND aBduction

RUNS DIAGONALLY OVER HIP

43
Q

Tensor Fascia Latae:

  1. Origin
  2. Insertion
  3. Innervation
  4. Action
A

ANTERIOR

  1. Lateral Crest of Ilium between ASIS and Tubercle of the Iliac Crest
  2. IT Band of Fascia Lata
  3. Superior Gluteal Nerve
  4. Stabilizes Knee in Extension by tensing all of the Fascia in your thigh
44
Q

What is the Iliotibial Tract (IT Band)?

A

Very THICK Fascia along the Lateral Aspect of the Thigh

45
Q

Gluteal Muscles are also called the

A

aBductors because they stabilize the Hips and Pelvis when we walk

46
Q

What nerve innervates most of the Superficial Larger Muscles of the Gluteal Region?

A

Superior Gluteal Nerve:
Innervates Gluteus Minimus, Gluteus Medius, and Tensor Fascia Lata

(NOT Gluteus Maximus which is innervated by Inferior Gluteal Nerve)

47
Q

What are the Deep Group of Small Muscles in the Gluteal Region? (Superior to Inferior)

A
  1. Piriformis
  2. Superior Gemellus
  3. Obturator Internus
  4. Inferior Gemellus
  5. Quadrate Femoris

EXTERNALLY/LATERALLY ROTATE THE FEMUR (big in ballerinas)

ALL Originate at Axial Skeleton and Insert at the Femur

48
Q

What muscle separates Superior Gemellus and Inferior Gemellus?

A

Obturator Internus

49
Q

Piriformis:

  1. Origin
  2. Insertion
  3. Innervation
  4. Action
A
  1. Anterior Surface of Sacrum then it exits through Greater Sciatic Foramen to insert below
  2. Greater Trochanter
  3. Branches S1 and S2 of Sacral Plexus
  4. Laterally rotates Extended Hip AND aBducts the Flexed Femur
50
Q

Superior Gemellus:

  1. Origin
  2. Insertion
  3. Innervation
  4. Action
A
  1. External Surface of Ischial Spine
  2. Superior Surface of Obturator Internus Tendon and (mostly) Greater Trochanter
  3. Nerve to Obturator Internus
  4. Laterally rotates Extended Hip AND aBducts the Flexed Femur
51
Q

Obturator Internus:

  1. Origin
  2. Insertion
  3. Innervation
  4. Action
A

Travels between Superior Gemellus and Inferior Gemellus

  1. Anterolateral Wall of True Pelvis and Obturator Membrane (covers Obturator Foramen)
  2. Greater Trochanter
  3. Nerve to Obturator Internus
  4. Laterally rotates Extended Hip AND aBducts the Flexed Femur
52
Q

Inferior Gemellus:

  1. Origin
  2. Insertion
  3. Innervation
  4. Action
A
  1. Upper aspect of Ischial Tuberosity
  2. Inferior surface of Obturator Internus Tendon and (mostly) Greater Trochanter
  3. Nerve to Quadratus Femoris
  4. Laterally rotates Extended Hip AND aBducts the Flexed Femur
53
Q

Quadratus Femoris:

  1. Origin
  2. Insertion
  3. Innervation
  4. Action
A

MOST INFERIOR

  1. Lateral Aspect of Ischium Anterior to Ischial Tuberosity
  2. Quadrate Tubercle on Intertrochanteric Crest (space just inferior to the Greater Trochanter and just superior to Lesser Trochanter)
  3. Nerve to Quadratus Femoris
  4. Laterally rotates Femur
54
Q

A “Nerve to” innervates…

A

The muscle for which it is named along with one more muscle

Examples:

  1. Nerve to Obturator Internus innervates Obturator Internus and Superior Gemellus
  2. Nerve to Quadratus Femoris innervates Quadratus Femoris and Inferior Gemellus
55
Q

What is the only Gluteal muscle that you can see if Gluteus Maximus is intact?

A

Gluteus Medius as it pokes out on upper aspect of Posterior Ilium

56
Q

What is Trendelenburg Sign?

A

A way to test functionality of aBductors

  1. Occurs in people with weakened, paralyzed, or poorly innervated aBductors
  2. A POSITIVE SIGN is seen in patients with damage to the Superior Gluteal Nerve
    - When patient stands on one leg, Pelvis severely drops on opposite side
57
Q

Describe the gait of a person with Positive Trendelenburg Sign

A

Abnormal Gait meaning:
On single leg stance phase of walking the weakened aBductor muscles allow Pelvis to tilt, so the patient compensates by tilting his trunk the other way in order to maintain trunk’s normal level during gait.

58
Q

Describe the pathway of the Superior Gluteal Nerve, its orientation in relation to Piriformis, and what Gluteal Muscles it innervates:

A
  1. Passes out through Greater Sciatic Foramen
  2. Passes ABOVE Piriformis
  3. Travels between and supplies MOTOR function Gluteus Medius and Gluteus Minimus
59
Q

Describe the pathway of the Sciatic Nerve, its orientation in relation to Piriformis, and what Gluteal Muscles it innervates:

A

GIANT NERVE

  1. Passes out through Greater Sciatic Foramen
  2. Passes BELOW Piriformis
  3. Descends between Superficial and Deep Gluteal Muscles to enter Posterior Thigh
  4. NO Gluteal
    - Motor Innervation of all Posterior Compartment muscles in Thigh and carries out Ankle and Foot movement
    - Sensory Innervation of Skin over Lateral Leg AND Sole, Lateral, and Dorsal Surfaces of the Foot
60
Q

Describe the pathway of the Inferior Gluteal Nerve, its orientation in relation to Piriformis, and what Gluteal Muscles it innervates:

A
  1. Passes out through Greater Sciatic Foramen
  2. Passes BELOW Piriformis
  3. MOTOR innervation of Gluteus Maximus
61
Q

Describe the pathway of the Nerve to Quadratus Femoris, its orientation in relation to Piriformis, and what Gluteal Muscles it innervates:

A
  1. Passes out through Greater Sciatic Foramen
  2. Passes BELOW Piriformis and Deep to Sciatic
  3. MOTOR innervation of Quadratus Femoris and Inferior Gemellus
62
Q

Describe the pathway of the Nerve to Obturator Internus, its orientation in relation to Piriformis, and what Gluteal Muscles it innervates:

A
  1. Passes out through Greater Sciatic Foramen
  2. Passes BELOW Piriformis between Posterior Cutaneous Nerve of the Thigh and Pudendal Nerve
  3. Motor Innervation of Obturator Internus and Superior Gemellus
63
Q

Describe the pathway of the Posterior Cutaneous Nerve of the Thigh, its orientation in relation to Piriformis, and what Gluteal Muscles it innervates:

A
  1. Passes out through Greater Sciatic Foramen
  2. Passes BELOW Piriformis and Medial to Sciatic Nerve
  3. Sensory Innervation of Skin over Gluteal Fold, Posterior Thigh, and parts of the Perineum
64
Q

Describe the pathway of the Pudendal Nerve, its orientation in relation to Piriformis, and what Gluteal Muscles it innervates:

A
  1. Passes out through Greater Sciatic Foramen and reenters in Lesser Sciatic Foramen
  2. Passes BELOW Piriformis and Medial to Sciatic Nerve
  3. NO GLUTEAL INNERVATION
    - Somatic Innervation of Perineum
65
Q

Describe the pathway of the Perforating Cutaneous Nerve, its orientation in relation to Piriformis (if applicable), and what Gluteal Muscles it innervates:

A
  1. Exits the Pelvic Cavity by piercing the Sacrotuberous Ligament
  2. Innervates Skin over Medial Gluteus Maximus
66
Q

What is Piriformis Syndrome?

A

Overuse of Piriformis (in runners) causing muscle to swell and push on the Sciatic Nerve

67
Q

Where are Intramuscular Injections performed and why?

A

Upper Lateral Quadrant (Specifically the Gluteus Medius Anterosuperior to Gluteus Maximus) in order to avoid Sciatic Nerve and Superior Gluteal Vessels/Nerves traveling through the Greater Sciatic Foramen

68
Q

Where are Intramuscular Injections performed and why?

A

Upper Lateral Quadrant (Specifically the Gluteus Medius Anterosuperior to Gluteus Maximus) in order to avoid Sciatic Nerve and Superior Gluteal Vessels/Nerves traveling through the Greater Sciatic Foramen

69
Q

What are the Arteries of the Gluteal Region?

A
  1. Inferior Gluteal Artery

2. Superior Gluteal Artery

70
Q

Inferior Gluteal Artery:

  1. Origin
  2. Pathway
  3. What it supplies
A
  1. Anterior Trunk of Internal Iliac Artery
  2. Exits Greater Sciatic Foramen BELOW Piriformis with Inferior Gluteal Nerve
  3. Supplies surrounding muscles and descends into posterior thigh where it anastomoses with branches of Femoral Artery
71
Q

Superior Gluteal Artery:

  1. Origin
  2. Pathway
  3. What it supplies
A
  1. Posterior Trunk of Internal Iliac Artery
  2. Exits Greater Sciatic Foramen ABOVE Piriformis with Superior Gluteal Nerve
  3. Divides in Gluteal Region to supply blood to ALL Gluteus muscles:
    A. Superficial Branch that passes onto deep surface of Gluteus Maximus
    B. Deep Branch that passes between Gluteus Medius and Gluteus Minimus
72
Q

What are the Veins of the Gluteal Region?

A
  1. Inferior Gluteal Vein
  2. Superior Gluteal Vein

BOTH TRAVEL WITH AND DRAIN THEIR SAME NAMED ARTERIES

73
Q

Describe Lymphatic Drainage to the Gluteal Region

A
  1. Internal Iliac Nodes drain Deep Gluteal Blood vessels and Pelvic Cavity Vessels
  2. Superficial Inguinal Nodes drain superficial blood vessels

G2 Anatomy Exam 3 (8 decks)

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