Neck Flashcards
What causes Torticollis most frequently?
Birth trauma
What may accompany Torticollis?
Benign fibrous tumor
[this is termed “fibromatosis colli” and typically resolves with physical therapy]
Which pharyngeal arches do the nerves of the neck arise from mainly?
4th and 6th
Which are the main nerves of the neck that arise from the 4th and 6th pharyngeal arches?
Superior laryngeal branch of Vagus N (CN X)
Recurrent laryngeal branch of Vagus N (CN X)
What two muscles are innervated by the spinal accessory nerve (CN XI)?
SCM
Trapezius
What are the five fascial compartments of the neck?
Superficial fascia Investing Layer Pretracheal Layer Prevertebral Layer Alar fascia and carotid sheath
What are the two layers of the deep fascia of the neck?
Pretracheal layer
Prevertebral layer
What are the two parts of pretracheal layer of cervical fascia?
Muscular
Visceral
What are enclosed in muscular part of pretracheal layer?
Infrahyoid muscles
What are enclosed in visceral layer of pretracheal layer?
Thyroid gland larynx trachea pharynx esophagus
Pretracheal layer of deep cervical fascia is continuous superiorly and posteriorly with which fascia?
Buccoopharyngeal fascia of the pharynx
Carotid sheath is continuous anteriorly with which layers? Posteriorly with which layer?
Investing
Pretracheal
Prevertebral
What does the carotid sheath contain?
Common and internal carotid arteries Internal Jugular vein Vagus N Deep cervical lymph nodes Carotid sinus nerve Sympathetic nerve fibers
What are the three zones of penetrating trauma in the cervical region?
Zone I
Zone II
Zone III
Zone I lies between what structures?
From clavicle and jugular notch to cricoid cartilage.
What structures are contained within Zone I?
Thoracic outlet structures including cupula of the lung Proximal common carotid a Subclavian a Vertebral a Thoracic duct Trachea Esophagus Thymus
Zone II lies between what structures?
From cricoid cartilage to angle of the mandible.
What structures are contained within Zone II?
Internal and external carotid aa Jugular veins Pharynx Larynx Esophagus Recurrent laryngeal n Spinal cord Trachea Thyroid and parathyroid glands
Zone III lies between what structures?
From angle of mandible to the base of the skull.
What structures are contained within Zone III?
Extracranial carotid and vertebral arteries
Uppermost segment of jugular vein
What is the largest and most important interfascial space in the neck?
Retropharyngeal space
Where is the retropharyngeal space located?
Between prevertebral layer and buccopharyngeal fascia
What are the cutaneous cervical branches of cervical plexus?
Lesser Occipital N (C2)
Transverse Cervical N (C2, C3)
Great Auricular N (C2, C3)
Suprascapular N (C3, C4)
What are the nerves found deep to the investing fascia?
Accessory N Nerve to levator scapulae Phrenic N Dorsal scapular N Roots of brachial plexus
Which nerve roots form the cervical plexus?
C1, C2, C3, C4
Which nerves form the ansa cervicalis?
C1, C2, C3
Which nerve forms the superior root of ansa cervicalis?
C1
Which nerves form the inferior root of ansa cervicalis?
C2, C3
What muscles are innervated by the nerves coming out of the loop of the ansa cervicalis?
Sternothyroid
Sternohyoid
Omohyoid (inferior belly)
Which nerves form the phrenic n?
C3, C4, C5
[three, four, five keep the diaphragm alive]
What are the suprahyoid muscles?
Mylohyoid
Genihyoid
Digastric
What nerve innervates the anterior belly of digastric m?
Mandibular division of trigeminal n
What nerve innervates the posterior belly of digastric m?
Facial n
What are the infrahyoid muscles?
Sternothyroid
Sternohyoid
Omohyoid
Thyrohyoid
Which two muscles are innervated by C1 via Hypoglossal N?
Genihyoid
Thyrohyoid
What is the function of mylohyoid m?
Elevate hyoid and tongue
What is the function of digastric m?
Depress mandible
Steady hyoid
What is the function of sternohyoid m?
Depress hyoid and larynx
What is the function of thyrohyoid muscle?
Depress hyoid
Elevate larynx
T/F: Supra/Infrahyoid muscles are anterior to the thyroid.
True
These are extrinsic muscles that overlie the larynx and tongue muscles.
What are the anterior prevertebral muscles of the neck?
Longus coli
Rectus capitis anterior
Longus capitis
Anterior scalene
What are the lateral vertebral muscles of the neck?
Splenius capitis
Levator scapulae
Rectus capitis lateralis
Middle and posterior scalenes
Thoracic outlet is the space between which two structures?
Clavicle and first rib
What is the motor part of the cervical plexus?
Ansa cervicalis
What are the branches of thoracocervical trunk?
Suprascapular A
Cervicodorsal trunk (transverse cervical a)
Ascending cervical A
Inferior thyroid A
What is the first branch of external carotid artery?
Superior thyroid a
