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Endo/Repro > Bony Pelvis and Pelvic Wall > Flashcards

Bony Pelvis and Pelvic Wall Flashcards

1
Q

What are pelvic girdle ligaments?

A 
Sacroiliac Ligaments (Anterior and Posterior)
Sacrotuberous Ligament (STL)
Sacrospinous Ligament (SSL)
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2
Q

What are the major functions of STL and SSL?

A

Prevent rotation of sacrum

Together with the hip bone create greater and lesser sciatic foramina

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3
Q

Anterioposterior compression of pelvis (car accidents) produces fractures in ______ _____ .

A

Pelvic rami (pubic rami and ischial rami)

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4
Q

Lateral forces squeeze _________ and ilia together breaking both.

A

Acetabulum

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5
Q

What are the weak areas of pelvis?

A

Pubic rami
Acetabulum
SI joints
Ala

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6
Q

At what level are greater pelvis and lesser (true) pelvis separated?

A

L5/S1

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7
Q

Boundaries of lesser (true) pelvis

A

Superiorly: pelvic brim (pelvic inlet)

Inferiorly: Pelvic diaphragm

Laterally and Anteriorly: lower 1/2 of the hip bones

Posteriorly: sacrum and coccyx

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8
Q

Which lines demarcate pelvic brim (pelvic inlet)?

A

Arcuate and pectineal lines.

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9
Q

Greater (false) pelvis is superior to ____ ______, occupied by ________ _________.

A

pelvic brim; abdominal viscera

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10
Q

Which bone predominantly bears abdominal weight?

A

Pubic bone

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11
Q

Male vs Female pelves (android vs gynecoid)

  1. Pelvic outlet
  2. Pubic arch and subpubic angle
  3. Obturator foramen
  4. Greater sciatic notch
A
  1. Small; large
  2. Narrow (<70degrees); wide (>70degrees)
  3. Round; oval
  4. Narrow; almost 90 degrees
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12
Q

What are the major pelvic wall muscles?

A

Obturator Internus

Piriformis

Coccygeus

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13
Q

Obturator Internus

A

Origin: ilium/ischium surface, obturator membrane
Insertion: greater trochanter
Innervation: obturator n

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14
Q

Piriformis

A

Origin: S2-4 surface; superior margin of greater sciatic notch; STL
Insertion: greater trochanter
Innervation: S1–S2

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15
Q

Coccygeus

A

Origin: ischial spine
Insertion: inferior end of sacrum and coccyx
Innervation: S4–S5

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16
Q

What muscle supports pelvic viscera and flexes coccyx?

A

Coccygeus

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17
Q

Four muscles that make up the pelvic diaphragm? What are the origins?

A
  1. (ischio)coccygeus m (ischial spine)
  2. Iliococcygeus m (tendinous arch)
  3. Pubococcygeus m (pubis)
  4. Puborectalis m (pubis)
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18
Q

What three muscles of pelvic diaphragm elevate the anus and are together called levator ani?

A

Iliococcygeus
Pubococcygeus
Puborectalis

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19
Q

Thickening of obturator fascia between ischial spine and body of pubis

A

Tendinous arch of levator ani.

20
Q

Which muscle loops around the anorectal angle?

A

Puborectalis m

21
Q

T/F: Puborectalis m is distinct from internal and external anal sphincters.

A

True

22
Q

Passageway for utethra and rectum, and in females also the vagina

A

Unogenital (levanor) hiatus

23
Q

What are the most medial muscles forming the urogenital hiatus that are the closest to the vagina and are most likely to get torn during childbirth?

A

Pubococcygeus m

Puborectalis m

24
Q

Dimond shaped space inferior to pelvic floor (diaphragm) filled with primarily fat

A

Ischiorectal fossae

25
Q

Ischiorectal fossae can be divided into two triangles, what are those?

A

Urogenital triangle

Anal triangle

26
Q

What is the role of ischiorectal fossa?

A

Allows movement of pelvic diaphragm and expansion of the anal canal

Contains neurovasculature to the anal canal (and some to perineum)

27
Q

Where is ischiorectal fossae in relation to the perineal membrane?

A

Extends anteriorly above the perineal membrane.

28
Q

Where does the anal canal begin?

A

At the level where rectum ‘perforates’ levator ani.

29
Q

What structures does the anal canal consist of?

A

Anal columns
Anal valves
Anal sinuses

30
Q

At what level is rectosigmoid juncton?

A

S3

31
Q

What type of muscle is the internal anal sphincter?

A

Smooth circular muscle (involuntary)

32
Q

What type of muscle is the external anal sphincter?

A

Skeletal muscle (voluntary)

33
Q

Internal anal sphincter is responsible for what percent of the resting anal tone?

A

55-85%

34
Q

What parts does the external anal sphincter consist of?

A

Subcutaneous
Superficial
Deep

35
Q

Essentially enlarged and collapsed version (varicosity) of normal venous anatomy?

A

Hemorrhoids

36
Q

Hemorrhoids are a major clinical consequence of what?

A

Portal hypertension

37
Q

T/F External hemorrhoids are not painful

A

False, internal hemorrhoids are not painful

38
Q

What nerves innervate the anus above pectinate line?

A

Inferior hypogastric plexus (autonomic)

39
Q

What nerves innervate the anus bellow the pectinate line?

A

Inferior rectal nerves (somatic)

40
Q

What veins drain blood from anus above the pectinate line?

A

Superior rectal vein (portal)

41
Q

What veins drain blood from anus bellow the pectinate line?

A

Inferior rectal vein (systemic)

42
Q

What types of hemorrhages are found in anus above the pectinate line?

A

Internal hemorrhages (not painful)

43
Q

What types of hemorrhages are found in anus bellow the pectinate line?

A

External hemorrhages (painful)

44
Q

What is the destination of lymph vessels above the pectinate line?

A

Internal iliac lymph nodes, inferior mesenteric

45
Q

What is the destination of lymph vessels bellow the pectinate line?

A

Superficial lymph nodes

46
Q

What is the embryological epithelial origin of anus above the pectinate line?

A

endoderm

47
Q

What is the embryological epithelial origin of the anus bellow the pectinate line?

A

ectoderm

Endo/Repro (8 decks)

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