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Endo/Repro > Immunology (Exam I) > Flashcards

Immunology (Exam I) Flashcards

1
Q

Cells present in lean adipose tissue

A 
Treg cells 
Th2 cells 
iNKT cells 
M2 macrophages 
Eosinophils
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2
Q

Cells present in obese adipose tissue

A 
Th1 cells 
M1 macrophages 
CD8+ T cells 
B cells 
Dendritic cells 
Mast cells 
Neutrophils
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3
Q

Cytokines produced in lean adipose tissue

A

IL-4
IL-13
IL-10

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4
Q

Cytokines produced in obese adipose tissue

A

IL-1b
IL-6
TNF-a

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5
Q

Role of IL-6 in acute inflammatory response

A

Increase GLP-1 in pancreas
Increase GLP-1 in intestine
Increase lipolysis; increase AMPK in adipose tissue
Increase GLUT4 translocation; increase lipolysis in Muscle
Increase acute phase-protein response in liver
Increase insulin resistance in liver

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6
Q

How do FFAs induce an adipose inflammation

A
  • Long chain FFA is a ligand for TLRs present in adipocytes
  • Receptor/ligand binding leads to pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine production
  • Recruitment and differentiation of M1 macrophages
  • Inflammatory state leads to betta-cells dysfunction
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7
Q

T1D

A

True Autoimmunity
T-cell mediated (type IV hypersensitivity)
T-cell mediated destruction of beta-cells resulting in insulin resistance
Autoantibody production used as markers of beta-cell destruction
Strong HLA associations
Prone to ketoacidosis (unlike T2D)

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8
Q

Signs and symptoms of T1D

A

High blood sugar
Weight loss
Increased hunger
Increased thirst

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9
Q

Complications of T1D

A

Kidney failure
Cardiovascular disease
Diabetic retinopathy
Foot ulcers

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10
Q

Normal homeostatic conditions

A 
Low glucose 
Low insulin 
Low FFA 
Low IL-1b
High serum IL-1Ra
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11
Q

Genes involved in autoimmunity of T1D

A 
HLA 
AIRE 
INS (insulin gene) 
CTLA-4
FAS 
PTPN22
CD25 (IL-2Ra)
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12
Q

Which chromosome is HLA II on?

A

Chromosome 6

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13
Q

What are the high risk HLA II alleles?

A

DQ2/DQ8

DR3/DR4

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14
Q

Haplotypes of HLA II found in 90% of individuals with D1D

A

DQ2/DQ8

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15
Q

Haplotypes of HLA II found in 50% of children diagnosed with T1D prior to age 5

A

DR3/DR4

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16
Q

HLA Class II that lacks _____of the beta chain are often found amongst individuals with T1D

A

Asp57

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17
Q

Hyplotype of HLA II that “protects” against T1D

A

DR2/DQ6

18
Q

AIRE mutation

A

Defective expression and presentation of insulin in thymus to developing T cells

Diabetes
Adrenal
Parathyroid

19
Q

In which chromosome is the Insulin gene located

A

Chromosome 11

20
Q

How many classes of Insulin gene are there

A

Three:
Class I
Class II
Class III

21
Q

Which class has relatively high risk for T1D

A

Class I

22
Q

In which chromosome is the CTLA-4 gene located

A

Chromosome 2

23
Q

On which cells is CTLA-4 normally expressed

A

Treg cells

24
Q

Main function of CTLA-4

A

Inhibit immune response

Maintain tolerance

25
Q

Mutation in FAS gene

A

Defective apoptosis of self-reactive B and T cells in periphery
Splenomegaly
Lymphadenopathy

26
Q

Mutation in FOXP3

A

Deficiency of Tregs

IPEX- widespread autoimmunity

27
Q

What does IPEX stand for?

A

Immune dysregulation
Polyendocrinopathy
Enteropathy
X-linked

28
Q

Which gene contributing to autoimmune diseases is a tyrosine phosphatase?

A

PTPN22

29
Q

Mutations in PTPN22 cause

A

RA
T1D
Autoimmune thyroid disease

30
Q

Environmental risk factors for T1D

A 
Decreased breastfeeding 
Increased Cow's milk exposure 
Decreased Vitamin D 
Childhood infections 
Chemicals 
Obesity
Dietary factors
31
Q

How do viruses lead to destruction of beta-cells?

A

Direct cytotoxicity

Molecular mimicry

32
Q

What are the two main viruses implicated in T1D?

A

Mumps

Rubella

33
Q

Which compounds from Streptomyces are cytotoxic to beta-cells?

A

Streptozocin

Bafilomycin A1

34
Q

Classic Th1 response cytokines

A

IL-2
IL-12
INF-g

35
Q

Which T cells produce IL-4?

A

Th2

36
Q

What is the main role of IL-4 in T1D autoimmunity?

A

Activates B cells to produce islet cell autoantibodies and antiGAD antibodies

37
Q

What is the main role of IL-2 in T1D autoimmunity?

A

Activate macrophages to release IL-1 and TNF-a

38
Q

What is the main role of INF-g in T1D autoimmunity?

A

Activate autoantigen specific T cytotoxic (CD8+) cells

39
Q

What are the ICAs (Islet cell auto-antibodies) found in serum of individuals with T1D?

A

GAD56 (Glutamic acid decarboxylase)
IA-2 (Insulinoma antigen; tyrosine phosphatase)
IAA (Insulin auto-antibody)

40
Q

Can ICAs affect the pathogenesis of T1D?

A

No, they are only a byproduct of T1D pathogenesis and are used only for screening.

Endo/Repro (8 decks)

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