NB 3 Block Flashcards
Kluver-Bucy Syndrome in Humans
Lesions to the Limbic System:
-Bilateral Glioma
-Head Trauma
-Status epilepticus
-Herpes simplex encephalitis
-Post epilepsy surgery
Sedative-related (sedatives/hypnotics/anxiolytics [anxiety-reducing]) drugs
Class of Drug:
-Benzodiazepines
-Sleep-promoting non-benzodiazepines
-Barbiturates
-Dual orexin receptor antagonists (DORAs)
-Other sedatives
Diazepam, Alprazolam, Temazepam, Clonazepam, Lorazepam, Chlordiazepoxide
Benzodiazepines
Sleep-promoting non-benzodiazepines
Zolpidem
Phenobarbital, secobarbital
Barbiturates
Daridorexant (for insomnia)
Dual orexin receptor antagonists (DORAs)
Sodium Oxybate
Other Sedatives
Fluoxetine, Paroxetine, Sertraline, Citalopram
Selective Serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
Antidepressants
-Selective Serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
-Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs)
-Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)
-Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
Fluoxetine, Paroxetine, sertraline, citalopram
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
Venlafaxine, duloxetine
Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs)
Imipramine, amitriptyline, clomipramine
Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)
Phenelzine, selegiline
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
Mood Stabilizers
Class of Drug: Mood stabilizers
Lithium, valproate (anticonvulsant); carbamazepine (anticonvulsant); olanzapine (atypical antipsychotic); quetiapine (atypical antipsychotic)
Mood stabilizers
Antipsychotics (neuroleptics)
Class of Drug:
-Traditional (first generation)
-Atypical (second generation)
Chlorpromazine, haloperidol
Traditional (first generation)
Clozapine, risperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine, brexpiprazole, lurasidone
Atypical (second generation)
Donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine
Cholinesterase inhibitors
Memantine
NMDA receptor blockers
Lecanemab
Monoclonal antibodies (MAB)
Drugs used to treat Alzheimer’s Disease
Class of Drug:
-Cholinesterase inhibitors
-NMDA receptor blockers
-Monoclonal Antibodies (MAB)
Stimulants and Stimulant-Like Drugs
Class of Drug:
-Stimulants
-Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (NRIs)
-Wake promoting drugs
Methylphenidate, amphetamine, dextroamphetamine, lisdexamfetamine, methamphetamine, cocaine, MDMA (Ecstasy)
Stimulants
Atomoxetine, viloxazine
Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (NRIs)
Modafinil
Wake promoting drugs
Opioids (class of drug)
Heroin, Morphine, Codeine, oxycodone, fentanyl, methadone
Hallucinogens and Related Drugs
Class of Drug:
-Hallucinogens
-Cannabis
-Dissociative anesthetics
Hallucinogens
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), mescaline, psilocybin
Marijuana, hashish
Cannabis
Phencyclidine (PCP), ketamine, esketamine
Dissociative anesthetics
Treatment of Substance-Related Disorders
Class of Drug:
-Alcohol use disorder
-Benzodiazepine overdose
-Nicotine use disorder
-Opioid overdose
-Opioid use disorder-abstinence therapy
-Opioid use disorder–replacement therapy
Naltrexone (as above), disulfiram, acamprosate
Treatment for alcohol use disorder
Flumazenil (GABA antagonist)
Treatment for Benzodiazepine overdose
Flumazenil (GABA antagonist)
Treatment for Benzodiazepine overdose
Treatment for Nicotine use disorder
Varenicline, bupropion
Treatment for Opioid overdose
Naloxone
Treatment for opioid use disorder-abstinence therapy
Naltrexone
Treatment for Methadone, buprenorphine
Opioid use disorder-replacement therapy
Respiratory stimulants
Acetazolamide (for central sleep apnea)
Anti-androgens
Medroxyprogesterone acetate (for paraphilias)
Beta-blockers
Propranolol (for acute symptoms related to anxiety)
Lesion to the Prefrontal (Phineas Gage, trans-orbital lobotomies)
-Emotional disinhibition
-Emotional flattening, increased docility
-Decreased goal-oriented behavior
Brain Region responsible for fear response
the amygdala
The ventromedial prefrontal cortex (PFC) is responsible for:
Down-regulation of fear/extinction learning
The orbitofrontal cortex is responsible for:
long term fear memory
The amygdala is responsible for
fear learning
Prefrontal Cortex is responsible for
Inhibition
Paramnesia
Involves distorted memory or confusions of fact and fantasy, such as in confabulation or deja vu
Paraphasic
Mistakes in lexical access such as expressing the word “pen” instead of “pencil”
Phonemic paraphasia
Expressing the word “eletump” instead of “elephant”
Loquacious
Very talkative–typically found in Wwernicke’s aphasia
Dysarthric
Abnormalities in speech articulation, due to impaired control of muscles of vocalization
Transcortical aphasia
Fluent but abnormal speech in the context of normal repetition
Which of the following best describes the harm risk and medical usefulness of cannabis per federal regulations?
High harm risk and no safe and accepted uses in medicine
An approved smoking cessation drug with possible side effects of unpredictable and erratic behaviors–drug most likely prescribed:
Varenicline
Lethargic
Patient can be fully aroused
Obtunded
Patient cannot be fully aroused
Stuporous
Sleep-like status
Comatose
No purposeful response to stimuli
A 35 y/o man is brought to the ED b/c of injuries incurred during a MVC. The man is unconscious. Which of the following breathing patterns is most likely linked to a grave outcome?
A. Tidal Breathing
B. Hypoventilation
C. Neurogenic Hyperventilation
D. Ataxic Breathing
E. Cheyne-stokes breathing
D. Ataxic breathing
