NB 2 Module Flashcards
Terminology and Basic Orientation
Lissauer’s Tract
Posterolateral tract of Lissauer refers to those segments of the axons of first order neurons in the spinothalamic neuronal pathway, which ascend and descend in the apex of the posterior gray column of spinal cord, prior to synapsing with cell bodies of the second order neurons in the posterior gray column. These first order neurons enter the apex of the posterior gray column from the posterior root ganglion of the spinal nerve.
Cranial Nerve I
Olfactory Nerve
Cranial nerve II
Optic Nerve
Cranial Nerve III
Oculomotor Nerve
Cranial Nerve IV
Trochlear Nerve
Cranial Nerve V
Trigeminal Nerve
Cranial Nerve VI
Abducens Nerve
Cranial Nerve VII
Facial Nerve
Cranial Nerve VIII
Vestibulocochlear Nerve
Cranial Nerve IX
Glossopharyngeal Nerve
Cranial Nerve X
Vagus Nerve
Cranial Nerve XI
Spinal Accessory Nerve
Cranial Nerve XII
Hypoglossal Nerve
Brown Sequard Syndrome
Is a neurologic syndrome resulting from hemisection of the spinal cord. It manifests with weakness or paralysis and proprioceptive deficits on the side of the body ipsilateral to the lesion and loss of pain and temperature sensation on the contralateral side.
SuperEgo
Preconscious level of operation
-Use ideals and morals to present ideal version of self. Ideals learned from family and environment
ID
Unconscious level of operation. Seeks immediate gratification and expresses impulses, desires, and instincts
EGO
Conscious and preconscious level of operation
-Mediator between ID and Superego. Rational part of psyche
Subconsciously blocking ideas, memories, or impulses that are undesirable
Repression
Dismissing external reality, and instead focusing on internal explanations or fallacies and thereby avoiding the uncomfortable reality of a situation
Denial
Attributing one’s own maladaptive inner-impusles to someone else
Projection
Failing to reconcile both positive and negative attributes into a whole understanding of a person or situation, resulting in all-or-none thinking
Splitting
Reverting one’s behavior to earlier levels of psychosocial development when confronted with stressful situations or unacceptable thoughts/ feelings
Regression
Feelings of low self-worth or fear are dealt with modeling one’s behaviors after someone of higher status or power
Identification
Immature Defense Mechanisms
Psychological defense mechanisms are psychological processes that play an important role in suppressing emotional awareness and contributing to psychopathology.
-Repression
-Denial
-Projection
-Splitting
-Regression
-Identification
Neurotic defenses
Allow an individual to avoid feeling guilty and anxious, particularly in relation to aggressive tendencies and sexual desires
Rationalization
Justification of one’s behavior through attempts at a rational explanation
Displacement
Transferring one’s emotional burden or emotional burden or emotional reaction from one entity to another
Reaction Formation
Replacing one’s impulse toward a situation or idea with the opposite impulse
Intellectualization
Emotions are concealed by excessive intellectual activity
Isolation of Affect
Separating an idea or event from its emotional component
Somatization
Repressed emotions are expressed as bodily symptoms
Dissociation
Separating oneself from the full impact of an experience
Acting out
Detrimental behaviors develop that distract attention away from other stressors
Suppression
Making a conscious decision to postpone attention to an upsetting, otherwise unpleasant life situation
Humor
Expressing uncomfortable thoughts/feeling by looking at the funny side of a situation
Sustained muscles contractions, which can cause twisting or abnormal postures.
Dystonia
Involuntary, repetitive movements of the face, mouth, and tongue. Common movements include lip smacking, tongue thrusting, chewing, and grimacing. It is a movement disorder that can develop as a side effect of long-term use of antipsychotic medications
Tardive dyskinesia
Sudden, recurrent, and nonrhythmic actions which may be vocal and/or motor
Labile
Decreased facial and vocal expressions and decreased expressive gestures in reaction to emotion-provoking stimuli; emotional responses to situations and events are dulled (patient may lack an intense emotional response to distressing topics)
Blunted
No emotional responses to situations and events; no facial and vocal expressions and no expressive gestures in reaction to emotion-provoking stimuli (E.g. the patient lacks an emotional response to distressing topics)
Flat
Mood
A person’s subjective assessment of their sustained emotional state (patient reports about their feelings or outlook on life)
Affect
An objective observation of the patient’s emotion (physician observation of facial expressions, body language, and tone of voice)
Sad, mournful (e.g. the patient may exhibit slow movements; low speech volume; and break into tears easily)
Depressed
Inability to fully engage with their own feelings or the feelings of others; inability to be empathetic (e.g. the patient does not appear to display empathy or form emotional connections)
Detached
Normal, tranquil mood (the patient appears calm and at ease)
Euthymic
Positive, elated mood (the patient appears overly excited, joyful, or exhilirated)
Euphoric
Easily annoyed or made angry; agitated
Irritable
Sudden and frequent changes in expressed emotions (e.g. the patient may quickly change from a sad to a happy mood)
Labile
Decreased facial and vocal expressions and decreased expressive gestures in reaction to emotion-provoking stimuli; emotional responses to situations and events are dulled (the patient may lack an intense emotional response to distressing topics)
Blunted
No emotional responses to situations and events; no facial and vocal expressions and no expressive gestures in reaction to emotion-provoking stimuli (the patient lacks an emotional response to distressing topics)
Flat
Repetitions in speech or prolongations in speech; the patient may repeat sounds syllables, or words; or prolong sounds in a word
Dysfluent
Automatic repetitions of somebody else’s words (patient may repeat words or phrases used by the physician either immediately or after a delay)
Echolalia
Speech that contains word-retrieval errors, commonly seen in patients who have a disorder of language (aphasia) after brain injury
Paraphasia
The incorrectly retrieved word is similar in meaning to the intended word (“boat” vs. “beach”)
Sematic Paraphasia
The incorrectly retrieved word is similar in sound based on syllable omissions/additions (“Feletant” for “elephant”)
Phonemic paraphasia
The incorrectly retrieved word is a new word that is not similar in sound or meaning to another word (E.g. “drupong” for clock)
Neologistic paraphasia
Poorly elaborated speech (e.g. the patient may fail to answer questions or give only monosyllabic responses)
Poverty of speech
Abundant non-stop speech (e.g. the patient may use pompous, legalistic, or overly intellectual terms and phrases)
Stilted
Omission of connecting words, prepositions, and modifiers when speaking, similar to an old telegraph (e.g. the patient may say, “bad sleep month” in response to a query about sleep habits)
Telegraphic
Indirect and winding speech in which the patient gives unnecessary and often irrelevant details before arriving at the main point; “beating around the bush”. The patient eventually responds to a query but belatedly and with frequent parenthetical remarks.
Circumstantial
Circumstantial differs from tangential in that:
The main point is never lost but rather accompanied by a significant amount of unnecessary information
Tangential
Characterized by poor topic adherence; the patient provides an answer to a question that veers off from the topic of the question and does not return to the original topic but there is a logical connection between responses.
Rapidly jumping (“flight”) from topic to topic without completing each train of thought, often (but not always) expressed through rapid, pressured speech.
Flight of ideas
No logical connection between ideas and the loss of an overall sense of goal-directedness. The words make sentences, but together the sentences do not make logical sense (the thought train is “off the track”)
Derailed
An association of words or ideas based on the similarity of sound rather than meaning (e.g. rhyming).
Clanging (clang association)
Words that are created by the patient and do not have any meaning to others (e.g., klipno for boots)
Neologistic
Repetitive thought process in which regardless of topic or question the patient goes back to the same topic and cannot move past the topic resulting in loss of goal-directedness in their thinking (patient often repeats previous statements in response to new questions).
Perseverative
A belief that someone holds with absolute certainty, but this belief is at odds with reality; fixed, false beliefs
Delusional
Preoccupation with distressing memories, thoughts, or worries with the hopes of obtaining new insight (the patient may repeatedly discuss a recent conflict in hopes of obtaining new insight); such goal-directedness is better preserved in ruminative thinking than in perseverative thinking. Furthermore, ruminations refer to the content of one’s thoughts, whereas perseverations refer to the process of one’s thinking
Ruminantive
A persistently recurring thought, urge, or image that is experienced as intrusive and unwanted and results in marked anxiety or distress.
Obsessional
Classical Conditioning
Association of a neutral stimulus with a stimulus that naturally and involuntarily produces a physiological response
Operant Conditioning
Association of a behavior and its reinforcing or punishing consequence
Unconditioned stimulus
The physiologically relevant stimulus
Unconditioned response
The response of the physiologically relevant stimulus
Neutral stimulus
The stimulus that does not produce a physiologically relevant response
Conditioned stimulus
The formerly neutral stimulus that now triggers a physiologically relevant response
Part of the brain that is responsible for Coordinating Movement and Balance, “little brain”–play vital role in language, attention, and can assist people with vision and eye movement
Cerebellum Function
Collection of neural structures involved in emotion, long-term memory, olfaction, behavior modulation, ANS function
Limbic System
Function of the spinothalamic tract
Pain, temperature
Function of the dorsal column
Pressure, vibration, fine touch, proprioception (conscious)
Function of corticospinal tract
Voluntary movement
“Hang on for life” reflex-abduct/extend arms when startled, and then draw together
Moro reflex
Sucking response when roof of mouth is touched
Sucking reflex
Curling of fingers if palm is stroked
Palmar reflex
Dorsiflexion of large toe and fanning of other toes with plantar stimulation. Babinski sign-presence of this reflex in an adult, which may signify a UMN lesion.
Plantar reflex
Stroking along one side of the spine while newborn is in ventral suspension (face down) causes lateral flexion of lower body toward stimulated side
Galant reflex
Subconsciously coping with stressors or emotional conflict using actions rather than reflections or feelings
Acting out
Avoiding the awareness of some painful reality
Denial
Redirection of emotions or impulses to a neutral person or object (vs. projection)
Displacement
Temporary, drastic change in personality, memory, consciousness, or motor behavior to avoid emotional stress. Patient has incomplete or no memory of traumatic event
Dissociation
Mature Defenses
Sublimation
Altruism
Suppression
Humor
(Mature adults wear a SASH)
Replacing an unacceptable wish with a course of action that is similar to the wish but socially acceptable (vs. reaction formation)
Sublimation
Alleviating negative feelings via unsolicited generosity, which provides gratification (vs. reaction formation)
Altruism
Intentionally withholding an idea or feeling from conscious awareness (vs. repression); temporary
Suppression
Lightheartedly expressing uncomfortable feelings to shift the internal focus away from the distress
Humor
Partially remaining at a more childish level of development (vs. regression)
Fixation
Expressing extremely positive thoughts of self and others while ignoring negative thoughts
Idealization
Largely unconscious assumption of the characteristics, qualities, or traits of another person or group
Identification
Using facts and logic to emotionally distance oneself from a stressful situation
Intellectualization
Separating feelings from ideas and events
Isolation (of affect)
Demonstrating hostile feelings in a nonconfrontational manner; showing indirect opposition
Passive aggression
Attributing an unacceptable internal impulse to an external source (vs. displacement)
Projection
Asserting plausible explanations for events that actually occurred for other reasons, usually to avoid self-blame
Rationalization
Replacing a warded-off idea or feeling with an emphasis on its opposite (vs. sublimation)
Reaction Formation
Involuntarily turning back the maturational clock to behaviors previously demonstrated under stress (vs. fixation)
Regression
Involuntarily withholding an idea or feeling from conscious awareness (vs. suppression)
Repression
Believing that people are either all good or all bad at different times due to intolerance of ambiguity. Common in borderline personality disorder
Splitting
