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Term 2 MD > NB 2 Module > Flashcards

NB 2 Module Flashcards

Terminology and Basic Orientation

1
Q

Lissauer’s Tract

A

Posterolateral tract of Lissauer refers to those segments of the axons of first order neurons in the spinothalamic neuronal pathway, which ascend and descend in the apex of the posterior gray column of spinal cord, prior to synapsing with cell bodies of the second order neurons in the posterior gray column. These first order neurons enter the apex of the posterior gray column from the posterior root ganglion of the spinal nerve.

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2
Q

Cranial Nerve I

A

Olfactory Nerve

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3
Q

Cranial nerve II

A

Optic Nerve

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4
Q

Cranial Nerve III

A

Oculomotor Nerve

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5
Q

Cranial Nerve IV

A

Trochlear Nerve

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6
Q

Cranial Nerve V

A

Trigeminal Nerve

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7
Q

Cranial Nerve VI

A

Abducens Nerve

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8
Q

Cranial Nerve VII

A

Facial Nerve

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9
Q

Cranial Nerve VIII

A

Vestibulocochlear Nerve

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10
Q

Cranial Nerve IX

A

Glossopharyngeal Nerve

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11
Q

Cranial Nerve X

A

Vagus Nerve

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12
Q

Cranial Nerve XI

A

Spinal Accessory Nerve

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13
Q

Cranial Nerve XII

A

Hypoglossal Nerve

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14
Q

Brown Sequard Syndrome

A

Is a neurologic syndrome resulting from hemisection of the spinal cord. It manifests with weakness or paralysis and proprioceptive deficits on the side of the body ipsilateral to the lesion and loss of pain and temperature sensation on the contralateral side.

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15
Q

SuperEgo

A

Preconscious level of operation
-Use ideals and morals to present ideal version of self. Ideals learned from family and environment

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16
Q

ID

A

Unconscious level of operation. Seeks immediate gratification and expresses impulses, desires, and instincts

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17
Q

EGO

A

Conscious and preconscious level of operation
-Mediator between ID and Superego. Rational part of psyche

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18
Q

Subconsciously blocking ideas, memories, or impulses that are undesirable

A

Repression

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19
Q

Dismissing external reality, and instead focusing on internal explanations or fallacies and thereby avoiding the uncomfortable reality of a situation

A

Denial

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20
Q

Attributing one’s own maladaptive inner-impusles to someone else

A

Projection

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21
Q

Failing to reconcile both positive and negative attributes into a whole understanding of a person or situation, resulting in all-or-none thinking

A

Splitting

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22
Q

Reverting one’s behavior to earlier levels of psychosocial development when confronted with stressful situations or unacceptable thoughts/ feelings

A

Regression

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23
Q

Feelings of low self-worth or fear are dealt with modeling one’s behaviors after someone of higher status or power

A

Identification

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24
Q

Immature Defense Mechanisms

A

Psychological defense mechanisms are psychological processes that play an important role in suppressing emotional awareness and contributing to psychopathology.
-Repression
-Denial
-Projection
-Splitting
-Regression
-Identification

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25
Q

Neurotic defenses

A

Allow an individual to avoid feeling guilty and anxious, particularly in relation to aggressive tendencies and sexual desires

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26
Q

Rationalization

A

Justification of one’s behavior through attempts at a rational explanation

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27
Q

Displacement

A

Transferring one’s emotional burden or emotional burden or emotional reaction from one entity to another

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28
Q

Reaction Formation

A

Replacing one’s impulse toward a situation or idea with the opposite impulse

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29
Q

Intellectualization

A

Emotions are concealed by excessive intellectual activity

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30
Q

Isolation of Affect

A

Separating an idea or event from its emotional component

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31
Q

Somatization

A

Repressed emotions are expressed as bodily symptoms

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32
Q

Dissociation

A

Separating oneself from the full impact of an experience

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33
Q

Acting out

A

Detrimental behaviors develop that distract attention away from other stressors

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34
Q

Suppression

A

Making a conscious decision to postpone attention to an upsetting, otherwise unpleasant life situation

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35
Q

Humor

A

Expressing uncomfortable thoughts/feeling by looking at the funny side of a situation

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36
Q

Sustained muscles contractions, which can cause twisting or abnormal postures.

A

Dystonia

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37
Q

Involuntary, repetitive movements of the face, mouth, and tongue. Common movements include lip smacking, tongue thrusting, chewing, and grimacing. It is a movement disorder that can develop as a side effect of long-term use of antipsychotic medications

A

Tardive dyskinesia

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38
Q

Sudden, recurrent, and nonrhythmic actions which may be vocal and/or motor

A

Labile

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39
Q

Decreased facial and vocal expressions and decreased expressive gestures in reaction to emotion-provoking stimuli; emotional responses to situations and events are dulled (patient may lack an intense emotional response to distressing topics)

A

Blunted

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40
Q

No emotional responses to situations and events; no facial and vocal expressions and no expressive gestures in reaction to emotion-provoking stimuli (E.g. the patient lacks an emotional response to distressing topics)

A

Flat

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41
Q

Mood

A

A person’s subjective assessment of their sustained emotional state (patient reports about their feelings or outlook on life)

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42
Q

Affect

A

An objective observation of the patient’s emotion (physician observation of facial expressions, body language, and tone of voice)

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43
Q

Sad, mournful (e.g. the patient may exhibit slow movements; low speech volume; and break into tears easily)

A

Depressed

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44
Q

Inability to fully engage with their own feelings or the feelings of others; inability to be empathetic (e.g. the patient does not appear to display empathy or form emotional connections)

A

Detached

45
Q

Normal, tranquil mood (the patient appears calm and at ease)

A

Euthymic

46
Q

Positive, elated mood (the patient appears overly excited, joyful, or exhilirated)

A

Euphoric

47
Q

Easily annoyed or made angry; agitated

A

Irritable

48
Q

Sudden and frequent changes in expressed emotions (e.g. the patient may quickly change from a sad to a happy mood)

A

Labile

49
Q

Decreased facial and vocal expressions and decreased expressive gestures in reaction to emotion-provoking stimuli; emotional responses to situations and events are dulled (the patient may lack an intense emotional response to distressing topics)

A

Blunted

50
Q

No emotional responses to situations and events; no facial and vocal expressions and no expressive gestures in reaction to emotion-provoking stimuli (the patient lacks an emotional response to distressing topics)

A

Flat

51
Q

Repetitions in speech or prolongations in speech; the patient may repeat sounds syllables, or words; or prolong sounds in a word

A

Dysfluent

52
Q

Automatic repetitions of somebody else’s words (patient may repeat words or phrases used by the physician either immediately or after a delay)

A

Echolalia

53
Q

Speech that contains word-retrieval errors, commonly seen in patients who have a disorder of language (aphasia) after brain injury

A

Paraphasia

54
Q

The incorrectly retrieved word is similar in meaning to the intended word (“boat” vs. “beach”)

A

Sematic Paraphasia

55
Q

The incorrectly retrieved word is similar in sound based on syllable omissions/additions (“Feletant” for “elephant”)

A

Phonemic paraphasia

56
Q

The incorrectly retrieved word is a new word that is not similar in sound or meaning to another word (E.g. “drupong” for clock)

A

Neologistic paraphasia

57
Q

Poorly elaborated speech (e.g. the patient may fail to answer questions or give only monosyllabic responses)

A

Poverty of speech

58
Q

Abundant non-stop speech (e.g. the patient may use pompous, legalistic, or overly intellectual terms and phrases)

A

Stilted

59
Q

Omission of connecting words, prepositions, and modifiers when speaking, similar to an old telegraph (e.g. the patient may say, “bad sleep month” in response to a query about sleep habits)

A

Telegraphic

60
Q

Indirect and winding speech in which the patient gives unnecessary and often irrelevant details before arriving at the main point; “beating around the bush”. The patient eventually responds to a query but belatedly and with frequent parenthetical remarks.

A

Circumstantial

61
Q

Circumstantial differs from tangential in that:

A

The main point is never lost but rather accompanied by a significant amount of unnecessary information

62
Q

Tangential

A

Characterized by poor topic adherence; the patient provides an answer to a question that veers off from the topic of the question and does not return to the original topic but there is a logical connection between responses.

63
Q

Rapidly jumping (“flight”) from topic to topic without completing each train of thought, often (but not always) expressed through rapid, pressured speech.

A

Flight of ideas

64
Q

No logical connection between ideas and the loss of an overall sense of goal-directedness. The words make sentences, but together the sentences do not make logical sense (the thought train is “off the track”)

A

Derailed

65
Q

An association of words or ideas based on the similarity of sound rather than meaning (e.g. rhyming).

A

Clanging (clang association)

66
Q

Words that are created by the patient and do not have any meaning to others (e.g., klipno for boots)

A

Neologistic

67
Q

Repetitive thought process in which regardless of topic or question the patient goes back to the same topic and cannot move past the topic resulting in loss of goal-directedness in their thinking (patient often repeats previous statements in response to new questions).

A

Perseverative

68
Q

A belief that someone holds with absolute certainty, but this belief is at odds with reality; fixed, false beliefs

A

Delusional

69
Q

Preoccupation with distressing memories, thoughts, or worries with the hopes of obtaining new insight (the patient may repeatedly discuss a recent conflict in hopes of obtaining new insight); such goal-directedness is better preserved in ruminative thinking than in perseverative thinking. Furthermore, ruminations refer to the content of one’s thoughts, whereas perseverations refer to the process of one’s thinking

A

Ruminantive

70
Q

A persistently recurring thought, urge, or image that is experienced as intrusive and unwanted and results in marked anxiety or distress.

A

Obsessional

71
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

Association of a neutral stimulus with a stimulus that naturally and involuntarily produces a physiological response

72
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

Association of a behavior and its reinforcing or punishing consequence

73
Q

Unconditioned stimulus

A

The physiologically relevant stimulus

74
Q

Unconditioned response

A

The response of the physiologically relevant stimulus

75
Q

Neutral stimulus

A

The stimulus that does not produce a physiologically relevant response

76
Q

Conditioned stimulus

A

The formerly neutral stimulus that now triggers a physiologically relevant response

77
Q

Part of the brain that is responsible for Coordinating Movement and Balance, “little brain”–play vital role in language, attention, and can assist people with vision and eye movement

A

Cerebellum Function

78
Q

Collection of neural structures involved in emotion, long-term memory, olfaction, behavior modulation, ANS function

A

Limbic System

79
Q

Function of the spinothalamic tract

A

Pain, temperature

80
Q

Function of the dorsal column

A

Pressure, vibration, fine touch, proprioception (conscious)

81
Q

Function of corticospinal tract

A

Voluntary movement

82
Q

“Hang on for life” reflex-abduct/extend arms when startled, and then draw together

A

Moro reflex

83
Q

Sucking response when roof of mouth is touched

A

Sucking reflex

84
Q

Curling of fingers if palm is stroked

A

Palmar reflex

85
Q

Dorsiflexion of large toe and fanning of other toes with plantar stimulation. Babinski sign-presence of this reflex in an adult, which may signify a UMN lesion.

A

Plantar reflex

86
Q

Stroking along one side of the spine while newborn is in ventral suspension (face down) causes lateral flexion of lower body toward stimulated side

A

Galant reflex

87
Q

Subconsciously coping with stressors or emotional conflict using actions rather than reflections or feelings

A

Acting out

88
Q

Avoiding the awareness of some painful reality

A

Denial

89
Q

Redirection of emotions or impulses to a neutral person or object (vs. projection)

A

Displacement

90
Q

Temporary, drastic change in personality, memory, consciousness, or motor behavior to avoid emotional stress. Patient has incomplete or no memory of traumatic event

A

Dissociation

91
Q

Mature Defenses

A

Sublimation
Altruism
Suppression
Humor
(Mature adults wear a SASH)

92
Q

Replacing an unacceptable wish with a course of action that is similar to the wish but socially acceptable (vs. reaction formation)

A

Sublimation

93
Q

Alleviating negative feelings via unsolicited generosity, which provides gratification (vs. reaction formation)

A

Altruism

94
Q

Intentionally withholding an idea or feeling from conscious awareness (vs. repression); temporary

A

Suppression

95
Q

Lightheartedly expressing uncomfortable feelings to shift the internal focus away from the distress

A

Humor

96
Q

Partially remaining at a more childish level of development (vs. regression)

A

Fixation

97
Q

Expressing extremely positive thoughts of self and others while ignoring negative thoughts

A

Idealization

98
Q

Largely unconscious assumption of the characteristics, qualities, or traits of another person or group

A

Identification

99
Q

Using facts and logic to emotionally distance oneself from a stressful situation

A

Intellectualization

100
Q

Separating feelings from ideas and events

A

Isolation (of affect)

101
Q

Demonstrating hostile feelings in a nonconfrontational manner; showing indirect opposition

A

Passive aggression

102
Q

Attributing an unacceptable internal impulse to an external source (vs. displacement)

A

Projection

103
Q

Asserting plausible explanations for events that actually occurred for other reasons, usually to avoid self-blame

A

Rationalization

104
Q

Replacing a warded-off idea or feeling with an emphasis on its opposite (vs. sublimation)

A

Reaction Formation

105
Q

Involuntarily turning back the maturational clock to behaviors previously demonstrated under stress (vs. fixation)

A

Regression

106
Q

Involuntarily withholding an idea or feeling from conscious awareness (vs. suppression)

A

Repression

107
Q

Believing that people are either all good or all bad at different times due to intolerance of ambiguity. Common in borderline personality disorder

A

Splitting

108
Q
A

Term 2 MD (15 decks)

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