Navigation Flashcards
What is a VOR?
Very High Frequency Omni-Directional Range (VOR) provides radials in all directions and is identified using Morse code.
What is the frequency range for VORs?
108 to 117.95 MHz.
What are the limitations of VOR?
Limited to line of sight with a cone of confusion within 1 mile.
What equipment is required for VOR operation?
Must have an antenna, receiver, and indicator (CDI).
What must be aligned for VOR use?
The OBS (Omni-Bearing Selector) must be aligned.
What does VOR reference?
Reference to magnetic North.
What is the LightHouse effect in VOR?
VORs send two signals: a rotating signal that does 30 revolutions per second and an omni-directional signal that pulses 30 times a second.
In simple terms: The Lighthouse effect happens when you’re too close to the VOR, and the signal gets all fuzzy and hard to read, just like being right next to a bright lighthouse.
What is the VOR Check procedure?
VOR Checks are outlined in 91.171 and include +/- 4° error tolerance.
What is a VOT?
VOR Test Facility (VOTS) provides a radial check, found in chart supplement.
What is the error tolerance for VOR Ground Checkpoint?
+/- 4°.
What is the error tolerance for VOR Airborne Checkpoint?
+/- 6°.
What is a Dual VOR Check?
Using two VORs against each other with an error tolerance within 4°.
What does DEPS stand for in VOR Check Signoff?
D - Date, E - Error, P - Place, S - Signature.
What is DME?
Distance Measuring Equipment, typically paired with VORs, measures slant range.
What is the minimum reading for DME?
DME will never read 0; when above the station, it will read 6000.
What is the function of the CDI?
Course Deviation Indicator tells you how far off course you are.
What does each dot on the CDI represent?
Each dot is 2°.
What is the full scale deflection on the CDI?
Full scale is 10°.
What is the HSI?
Horizontal Situational Indicator combines heading indicator and CDI with NAV system.
What is Reverse Sensing?
Occurs when you’re flying reciprocal of the intended course.
What is an NDB?
Non-Directional Beacon, ground-based receiver always paired with ADF.
What does ADF do?
In an airplane, the ADF (Automatic Direction Finder) works like that magic arrow. It listens to special radio signals from a ground station, called an NDB (Non-Directional Beacon), and then it points the plane’s arrow (the needle) right to that beacon. The pilot just looks at the needle to know which direction to fly towards the beacon.
What is the frequency range for ADF?
Operates off low AM frequency.
What is Homing in navigation?
Not using any wind correction, only following the needle.
What is Tracking in navigation?
Using wind correction to stay on course.
What is GPS?
Global Positioning System with a minimum of 24 aviation satellites orbiting at 10,900 NM above Earth.
What is RAIM?
Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring, requires a minimum of 5 satellites for integrity monitoring.
What is WAAS?
Wide Area Augmentation System, requires a minimum of 6 satellites and improves GPS accuracy.
What are the components of ILS?
G
L
A
M
Glideslope
Localizer
Approach Lighting System,
Marker Beacons (GLAM).
What does the Glideslope provide?
Vertical guidance, typically operates between 2.5° to 3.5° slope.
What does the Localizer provide?
Lateral guidance, located on the departure end of the runway.
What is the coverage range for Localizer?
35° to each side of centerline for 10nm.
What is the purpose of ALS?
Helps transition between Instrument to visual approach.
What is the range for Precision Approach Lighting System?
Lighting starts 2400 to 3000 ft from the runway.
What is the range for Non-Precision Approach Lighting System?
Lighting starts 1400 to 1500 ft from the runway.
