Navigation Flashcards
Types of aeronautical charts
Sectional
VFR terminal area (Class B)
World aeronautical
Variation
Angle between true north and magnetic north
Shown as broken magenta lines = isogonic lines
Agonic line = no variation between TN and MN
Flying an accurate course
TC measure from TN not MN
Factor in magnetic variation, compass deviation, wind
Compass deviation calculation
East is least (subtract) and west is best (Add)
Wind impact on navigation
Heading vs track
Drift angle
True heading caculation
True course plus wind corrections
TH +- variation = magnetic heading +- deviation = compass heading
Determine Wind Correction Angle
Course = intended path
Fuel consumption
Pounds of fuel per hour
Divided into NM per hour of travel
Resulting in specific range value
NM per 1000 lbs
Pilotage
Navigation by reference to landmarks or checkpoints
Wind triangle
Review calculation example
Flight planning
Materials, weather check, Chart Supplement US, AFM/POH, weight and balance, takeoff landing distance, elevation, temperature, fuel consumption
Dead reckoning
Navigation by means of computations based on time, airspeed, distance and direction
Adjust by windspeed and velocity to get heading and HD
Charting the course
Draw line on sectional, Mark checkpoints, check airspaces, obstructions, altitude, distance between checkpoints, TC+-WCA=TH+-V=MH+-D=CH, GS, total time
Ground based navigation
VOR, NDB, GPS
VOR
3 NAVAIDS: VOR, DME, VORTAC
VOR ground stations
Frequency band 108.0-117.95, line of sight, at 1000ft AGL about 40-45miles
Terminal, low altitude, high altitude
Test facilities, airborne and ground checkpoints
Course deviation indicator (CDI)
Omnibearing selector (OBS), CDI needle, To/From indicator
Horizontal situation indicator (HSI)
HSI
Radio magnetic indicator (RMI)
Provides magnetic or directional gyro heading, VOR, GPS, ADF (automatic direction finder)
Compass card, heading index, 2 bearing pointers, pointer function switches
Time and distance using RMI
Time in seconds between bearings / degrees of bearing change = minutes to the station
Multiplying TAS or GS (miles/min) / minutes to station
Time and distance with CDI
Time to station = 60 x min flown between bearing change / degrees of bearing change
Distance = TAS x min flown / degrees of bearing change
Intercept heading based on distance and degrees
At 60NM 1degree width is 1mile, at 120NM it is 2miles
Distance to VORTAC
With DME and paired frequency concept showing slant range (to the ground) and GS and time to station
RNAV
Area navigation, generic term, applies to GPS, VOR/DME, electronic course guidance direct route
Electronically relocate VORTACs => waypoints
VOR/DME RNAV modes
VOR, enroute, approach, VOR parallel
Automatic direction finder ADF
Sent from non directional radio beacons (NDB) in low or medium frequency, independent of line of sight, follows curvature of Earth
Low frequency susceptible to electric disturbances like lighting
GPS RAIM
Receiver autonomous integrity monitoring
Requires 5 satellites to detect anomaly or bar aiding
Requires capable receiver to detect issues
VFR way points
Five letters, non pronounce able, unless collocated with visual checkpoint, magenta flag symbol on chart
Use for VFR flight plan
Program prior to departure
Monitor ATC frequency near way points
