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UK AFISO > Nav > Flashcards

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1
Q

What shape is the earth?

A

An oblate spheroid

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2
Q

Define a great circle.

A

A circle drawn on the surface of the earth whose radius and centre are the same as the earths. If used as a route will be the shortest route from a to b.

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3
Q

Define a small circle.

A

A circle drawn on the surface of the earth whose radius and centre are not the same as the earths.

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4
Q

What is the definition of the equator?

A

A great circle whose plane is perpendicular to the earths axis of rotation and which divides the earth into two equal hemispheres.

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5
Q

What is a meridian?

A

A semi great circle joining the poles.

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6
Q

What is a rhumb line?

A

A regularly curved line on the surface of the earth that cuts all meridians at the same angle.

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7
Q

What is a nautical mile?

A

The length of arc of a great circle that sub tends an angle of one minute at the centre of the earth.

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8
Q

Nautical mile conversions

A

=1.852km (happens to be the length of the runway condition that decides how wide the ATZ is) =6080ft

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9
Q

What is the definition of night?

A

Night is defined as the period from half an hour after sunset to half an hour before sunrise, sunset and sunrise being determined at surface level.

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10
Q

What is are the datum reference points for lines of longitude and latitude?

A

The UTC prime meridian is the datum for longitude to 180west and east The equator is the datum for latitude up to 90 degrees either side at the poles

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11
Q

What are the figures for latitude and longitude?

A

Longitude is a seven digit number xxx degrees (60 mins) xx minutes (60 secs) xx seconds. E.g. 002 02 22. Latitude is a six digit number xx degrees (60 mins) xx minutes (60 secs) xx seconds. E.g. 51 02 22.

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12
Q

What are the cardinal and inter cardinal points?

A

Cardinal = north, east, south and west Inter cardinal points= NW, SE, SW, NE

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13
Q

Define grid north.

A

Grid north the direction of a grid line which is parallel to the central meridian.

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14
Q

Magnetic north

A

The direction indicated by a magnetic compass.

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15
Q

Define true north.

A

The direction of a meridian longitude which converges on the North Pole.

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16
Q

What is variation?

A

The angular difference between true north and magnetic north as measured by a magnetic compass at a particular location of the earth.

17
Q

What is deviation?

A

The error induced in a compass by local magnetic fields.

18
Q

How to convert from the different types of north.

A

West is best (+), east is least (-). True +/- variation = magnetic, +/- deviation = compass I think of it as the north moving clockwise or anti-clockwise.

19
Q

With regards to charts what does conformal mean?

A

The preservation of angles required for navigation.

20
Q

What is a Mercator projection?

A

A cylindrical projection around the earth (can touch at the equator or any other point, transverse Mercator is one done horizontally). Most accurate at the point where it actually touches the earth, as you head away from this point the information becomes stretched and distorted. On a Mercator; Rhumb lines are straight Great circle routes are curved They are conformal

21
Q

What is a lambert conformal conic?

A

Refers to any projection in which meridians are mapped to equally spaced lines radiating out from the apex. Lines of latitude appear as arcs. Only accurate at the parallel of origin (point where it touches). This is the cone shaped one. On a lambert conformal conic; Rhumb lines appear as curved lines Great circle routes are straight lines as the meridians are radiating out.

22
Q

How is relief portrayed on a map?

A

Using contour lines and elevations (marking highest points), also achieved by hill shading (using colours to denote elevations).

23
Q

What is the heading of an aircrafts?

A

The direction, relative to north in which the aircraft is facing.

24
Q

What is the track of an aircraft?

A

The path of the aircraft when the effect of the wind velocity is taken into account, e.g. A southerly wind will push the heading of an aircraft going west to the north.

25
Q

What is drift?

A

The direction at which an aircraft travels in relation to the ground under the combined influence of heading TAS and wind velocity.

26
Q

What is IAS?

A

Indicated airspeed. The airspeed as read directly from the airspeed Indicator on an aircraft. Measured by a pitot tube static system.

27
Q

What is TAS?

A

Trueairspeed The speed of the aircraft relative to the air mass in which it is flying.

28
Q

What is ground speed?

A

The horizontal speed of an aircraft relative to the ground.

29
Q

What is an NDB?

A

A non directional beacon. An omni-directional radio transmitter. It emits a constant signal that carries a morse code transmission which can be used to identify the NDB by its 3 digit identifier. Average coverage is between 10nm and 500nm. Can be used for Approach procedures and en route navigation. Aircraft with ADF (automatic direction finding) can use this to locate the earring of the NDB from the aircraft.

30
Q

What is a VOR?

A

A VHF omni-directional radio range. Provides aircraft with a radial from the VOR letting you know where you are in relation to it. It works by transmitting two signals, a reference signal (which is the same in every direction) and a directional signal which varies dependent ton the direction you are from the VOR, the phase difference between these signals gives you your radial from the VOR. Often co-located with a DME.

31
Q

What is a DME?

A

Distance measuring equipment. A transponder on the ground that is interrogated by the aircraft transponder before being transmitted back. The time the signal takes to return is used to calculate the distance of the aircraft from the DME. Gives distance in NM. Can be interrogated by up to 100 aircraft at once. Operates UHF. Slant range error can make the reading inaccurate the closer the aircraft is and the higher it is.

32
Q

What is a TACAN?

A

Tactical Air Navigation. Basically the military version of a co-located VOR and DME that operates in the UHF Frequency. This means that civil aircraft can’t use the VOR element as this is usually VHF, they can however use the DME.

33
Q

What is RNAV?

A

Area navigation A method of navigation which allows aircraft to operate on any desired flight path or route that is within coverage of ground based navigation aids (VOR, DME etc) or using on board navigation systems on the aircraft or a combination of the two. Waypoint to waypoint. Waypoints being imaginary points that have been established using ground based aids or satellites. Waypoints have unique 5 letter designators (5LNC) that make them easily identifiable on the radio.

34
Q

Define GNSS.

A

Global navigation satellite system A satellite system that is used to pinpoint the geographic location of the users receiver, anywhere in the world.

35
Q

What is an RNAV (GNSS) approach?

A

Pilot interpreted non precision approaches. Allow non controlled aerodromes to establish IAPs (instrument approach procedures). They must be conducted at AFIS aerodromes by flights that have been specifically approved by the aerodrome operator within an allocated slot time linked to some kind of PPR requirement.

36
Q

What specific instructions shall be detailed in unit procedures of RNAV GNSS approaches?

A

The approval mechanism for operators to be authorised to conduct RNAV approaches. Arrangements to mitigate the effect of delays in aircraft conducting RNAV GNSS approaches. Arrangements to mitigate the risk of airborne collision between aircraft conducting the approach and other aerodrome traffic. Loss of RNAV capability.

37
Q

What must a FISO say to an aircraft conducting an RNAV GNSS approach?

A

AFISOs shall advise pilots that they are in receipt of a basic service when conducting the approach. This is to eliminate any confusion to the pilot as to what type of service he is receiving as they may assume it is a control service.

38
Q

What rules are specifically associated with RNAV GNSS approaches?

A

That simultaneous approaches by more than one aircraft are not permitted where an ATS is provided by AFISOs. Pilots shall be requested to report at each stage of the IAP e.g. Initial approach fix, final approach fix.

39
Q

Where can you find more information and phraseology for RNAV GNSS approaches?

A

Cap 413 and 797

UK AFISO (10 decks)

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