Nature Vs Nurture

Question 0

What is analogous?

Answer 0

The change in a species across evolutionary time

Question 1

What is ontogeny?

Answer 1

The change in an organisms behaviour over its lifetime

Question 2

What is the tradition view for nature vs nurture?

Answer 2

Nature = genes —> instinct

Nurture = environment —> learned behaviour

Question 3

What is plasticity?

Answer 3

Robust vs plastic behaviours

Eg. Tanning is a plastic response

Melanin darkens skins

Question 4

What are the five conditions needed for the evolution of plasticity?

Answer 4

1. Variation in history of environment
2. Optimal phenotype must differ between environments
3. Consistent mapping between environment and optimal phenotype
4. Reliable predictive cues of environmental future
5. Costs of plascity must be outweighed by benefits

Question 5

What is instinct?

Answer 5

Concept behaviour throughout history.

Important scientists to remember =

Charles Darwin
Konrad Lorenz
Niko Tinbergen

Question 6

What is innate releasing mechanism?

Answer 6

Recognition and response are series typical and unlearned

Fixed action pattern released that was stereotyped and constant

Question 7

What is imprinting?

Answer 7

Special kind of learning characterised by sensitive period which is irreversible

Question 8

What us filial imprinting?

Answer 8

• visual = grey lag geese

- olfactory = goats and sheep licking

Question 9

What is the learning theory?

Answer 9

The study of learning theory was strictly behaviourists

• only looked at behavioural and physiological responses

Eg
Pavlov dogs

Question 10

What is habituation?

Answer 10

Decreased response to repeated stimulus

Question 11

What is Dishabituation?

Answer 11

Used in developmental studies of infants

Question 12

What is classical conditioning (palovs dogs)?

Answer 12

Unconditional response = salvation to food

Conditional response = salvation to bell

Unconditional stimulus = food

Conditional stimulus = bell

Question 13

What is operant conditioning?

Answer 13

Response followed by the reinforced so stimulus responses associated is strengthened

Eg
Thorndikes puzzle box

Question 14

What is classical conditioning?

Answer 14

Behaviour associated with reward

New response is learned

Animal is active

Question 15

What are the three constraints of learning?

Answer 15

1. Timing
2. Plausibility of the association
3. Evolutionary preparedness

Question 16

What is social learning?

Answer 16

Behaviour that is modified by presence of conspecifies

Question 17

What are the mechanisms of social learning?

Answer 17

Social facilitation 
Local enhancement 
Stimulus enhancement 
Emulation 
Imitation

Question 18

Who demonstrated social learning?

Answer 18

Galef and wigmore (1983)

Question 19

What is the Baldwin effect?

Answer 19

Learning itself can guide evolution

Baldwin effect can allow complex behavioural systems to evolve

• food calls requires two mutations:

Production if call by signaller
Response to call by reciever