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Immunology and Serology > Nature of Antigens and the Major Histocompatibility Complex > Flashcards

Nature of Antigens and the Major Histocompatibility Complex Flashcards

1
Q

An ____ is a substance that is specifically recognized by the adaptive immune system.

A

Antigen

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2
Q

____ is capable of binding to antibodies.

A

Antigen

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3
Q

____ can’t stimulate antibody production.

A

Antigen

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4
Q

Antigens can be ____.

A

Immunogenic or Non-immunogenic

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5
Q

An ____ is a substance capable of causing adaptive response.

A

Immunogen

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6
Q

____ can bind to antibodies and stimulate its production.

A

Immunogen

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7
Q

What is the chief distinction between antigens and immunogens?

A
  • Antigen = cannot stimulate immune response.
  • Immunogen = can stimulate immune response.
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8
Q

TRUE OR FALSE.

All immunogens are antigens, and all antigens are immunogens.

A

False

Reason: Antigens cannot stimulate antibody production.

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9
Q

TRUE OR FALSE.

Hapten alone can stimulate antibody production.

A

False

Reason: Haptens need to bind to carrier-protein first.

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10
Q

Factors Influencing the Immune Response

A
  • Age
  • Dose
  • Route of Inoculation
  • Health status
  • Genetics
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11
Q

↑ immune dose = ____.

A

↑ immune response

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12
Q

____ is the ability of an immunogen to stimulate a host response.

A

Immunogenicity

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13
Q

Traits of Immunogen

A
  • Macromolecular size
  • Chemical composition and molecular complexity
  • Foreigness
  • Ability to be processed and presented with MHC molecules
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14
Q

The best immunogens have a molecular weight of ____.

A

100,000 Da

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15
Q

Immunogens should have a molecular weight of at least ____ in order to be recognized.

A

10,000 Da

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16
Q

The best immunogens have a chemical composition of ____.

A

proteins and polysaccharides

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17
Q

Immunogens composed of ____ are less immunogenic.

A

carbohydrates

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18
Q

Immunogens composed of ____ are non-immunogenic.

A

lipids and nucleic acid

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19
Q

What kind of antigens are not foreign in the body?

A

Self-antigens

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20
Q

Why can’t Haptens cause immune response on their own?

A

Because they’re small in size

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21
Q

Main Parts of Antigen

A
  • Antigenic determinant/ Epitope
  • Carrier
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22
Q

____ are molecular shapes or configurations that are recognized by B or T cells.

A

Antigenic determinants (Epitope)

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23
Q

____ is where the antibody binds.

A

Antigenic determinant (Epitope)

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24
Q

An epitope can be ____.

A
  • Sequential
  • Linear
  • Conformational
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25
Q

____ are non-immunogenic materials that, when combined with a carrier, create new antigenic determinants.

A

Haptens

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26
Q

____ is responsible to give the antigen its required size.

A

Carrier

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27
Q

____ are usually made up of protein.

A

Carriers

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28
Q

Carriers are usually made up of ____.

A

protein

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29
Q

The ____ is the number of combining sites.

A

Valence

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30
Q

____ are precise molecular shapes or configurations recognized by B cells, or the peptide sequences detected by T cells.

A

Epitopes

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31
Q

Kinds of Epitope

A
  • Linear
  • Conformational
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32
Q

Kinds of Epitope

____ consist of sequential amino acids on a single polypeptide chain.

A

Linear epitopes

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33
Q

Kinds of Epitope

____ result from the folding of one or more polypeptide chains.

A

Conformational epitopes

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34
Q

____ are capable to recognize both linear and conformational epitopes.

A

B cells

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35
Q

B cells are capable to recognize ____ epitope.

A

linear and conformational epitopes

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36
Q

____ respond to linear epitopes.

A

T cells

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37
Q

T cells are capable to recognize ____ epitope.

A

linear

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38
Q

____ are substances administered with an immunogen that increases the immune response.

A

Adjuvants

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39
Q

____ are substances added to the vaccine in order to enhance the immune response.

A

Adjuvants

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40
Q

How do adjuvants enhance the immune response?

A
  • By prolonging the existence of immunogen.
  • By increasing the effective size of immunogen.
  • By increasing the number of macrophages involved in antigen processing.
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41
Q

Types of Antigens

A
  • Autoantigens
  • Alloantigens
  • Heteroantigens
  • Heterophile antigens
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42
Q

Types of Antigens

____ are those antigens that belong to the host.

A

Autoantigens (self-antigens)

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43
Q

Types of Antigens

____ are from other members of the host’s species, and these are capable of eliciting an immune response.

A

Alloantigens

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44
Q

Types of Antigens

____ are from other species, such as plants, animals, or microorganisms.

A

Heteroantigens

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45
Q

Types of Antigens

____ are heteroantigens that exist in unrelated plants or animals but are either identical or closely related in structure so that antibody to one will cross-react with antigen of the other.

A

Heterophile antigens

46
Q

____ is a large multi-gene locus consisting of several thousand kilobase pair of DNA on a single chromosome.

A

Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)

47
Q

MHC is also known as ____.

A

Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA)

48
Q

HLA is a complex located at ____.

A

chromosome 6

49
Q

____ brings antigen to the cell surface for recognition by T cells.

A

Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA)

50
Q

MHC is found on ____.

A

human chromosome 6

51
Q

Roles of MHC

A
  • Intercellular recognition and discrimination of self/non-self.
  • Development of humoral and cell-mediated immune responses.
  • Susceptibility to disease and autoimmunity
52
Q

____ have a role in intercellular recognition and discrimination of self/non-self.

A

Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)

53
Q

____ have a role in development of humoral and cell-mediated immune responses.

A

Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)

54
Q

____ plays a role in susceptibility to disease and autoimmunity.

A

Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)

55
Q

Nature of HLA Antigens

A
  • Glycoprotein component of cell membrane
  • Present in all nucleated cells
  • Products of the genes of MHC
56
Q

MHC molecules are found on the ____ of chromosome 6.

57
Q

Three Categories of MHC

A
  • Class I
  • Class II
  • Class III
58
Q

Categories of MHC

____ are coded for at three different locations or loci, termed A, B, and C.

A

Class I molecules

59
Q

Categories of MHC

____ are situated in D region, and have several different loci, known as DR, DQ, and DP.

60
Q

Categories of MHC

____ code for complement proteins and cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor.

61
Q

Class I MHC Molecules

Cellular Distribution

A
  • All nucleated cells
  • Low/undetectable in: liver hepatocyte, neural cells, muscle cells, and sperm cells.
62
Q

Which MHC Category?

Present in all nucleated cells

A

Class I MHC

63
Q

The highest concentration of MHC Class I molecules is found in ____.

A
  • Lymphocytes
  • Myeloid cells
64
Q

Class I MHC Molecules

Structure

A

One α-chain + β2 microglobulin

65
Q

Which MHC Category?

One α-chain + β2 microglobulin

A

Class I MHC

66
Q

Class I MHC Molecules

The α-chain is located at ____.

A

chromosome 6

67
Q

Class I MHC Molecules

The β2 microglobulin is located at ____.

A

chromosome 15

68
Q

Class I MHC Molecules

Classes

A

HLA: A, B, C

69
Q

Which MHC Category?

HLA: A, B, C

A

Class I MHC

70
Q

Class I MHC Molecules

Non-classical classes

A

HLA: E, F, G

71
Q

Which MHC Category?

HLA: E, F, G

Non-classical classes

A

Class I MHC

72
Q

Class I MHC Molecules

Size of peptide bonds

A

8 - 11 amino acids

73
Q

Which MHC Category?

8 - 11 amino acids

A

Class I MHC

74
Q

Class I MHC Molecules

Nature of peptide binding cleft

A

Closed at both ends

75
Q

Which MHC Category?

Nature of peptide binding cleft: Closed at both ends

A

Class I MHC

76
Q

Class I MHC Molecules

Interaction with T-cells

A

Present endogenous (intracellular) antigen to CD8+ T-cells

77
Q

Which MHC Category?

Present endogenous (intracellular) antigen to CD8+ T-cells

A

Class I MHC

78
Q

Class II MHC Molecules

Cellular Distribution

A
  • B cells
  • Thymocytes
  • Macrophages
  • Dendritic cells
  • Thymic epithelial cells
79
Q

Which MHC Category?

____ are usually found in antigen-presenting cells (APCs).

A

Class II MHC

80
Q

The most effective APC is the ____.

A

dendritic cells

81
Q

____ have high levels of MHC Class II.

A

Dendritic cells

82
Q

Class II MHC Molecules

Structure

A

α-chain + β chain

83
Q

Which MHC Category?

α-chain + β chain

A

Class II MHC

84
Q

Class II MHC Molecules

Classes

A

HLA: DP, DQ, DR

85
Q

Which MHC Category?

HLA: DP, DQ, DR

A

Class II MHC

86
Q

Class II MHC Molecules

Non-classical classes

A

HLA: DM, DN, DO

87
Q

Which MHC Category?

HLA: DM, DN, DO

A

Class II MHC

88
Q

Class II MHC Molecules

Size of peptide bonds

A

13 - 18 amino acids

89
Q

Which MHC Category?

13 - 18 amino acids

A

Class II MHC

90
Q

Class II MHC Molecules

Nature of peptide binding cleft

A

Open at both ends

91
Q

Which MHC Category?

Nature of peptide binding cleft: Open at both ends

A

Class II MHC

92
Q

Class II MHC Molecules

Interaction with T-cells

A

Present exogenous antigen to CD4+ T-cells

93
Q

Which MHC Category?

Present exogenous (intracellular) antigen to CD4+ T-cells

A

Class II MHC

94
Q

The main role of the ____ is to bind peptides within cells and transport them to the plasma membrane, where T cells can recognize them in a phenomenon.

A

Class I and Class II MHC molecules

95
Q

Application of HLA Typing/Matching

A
  • Organ transplantation
  • Paternity Testing
  • Forensic medicine, anthropology
  • Studies of racial ancestry and migration
  • Diagnostic and genetic counselling
  • Basic research
96
Q

HLA B27

A

Ankylosing Spondylitis,
Reiter’s Syndrome

97
Q

Ankylosing Spondylitis,
Reiter’s Syndrome

98
Q

HLA B47

A

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

99
Q

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

100
Q

HLA B5

A

Behcet’s Disease

101
Q

Behcet’s Disease

102
Q

HLA CW6

A

Psoriasis Bulgaris

103
Q

Psoriasis Bulgaris

104
Q

HLA DR3

A

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

105
Q

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

106
Q

HLA DR4

A

Rheumatoid Arthritis

107
Q

HLA DR5

A

Gold Induce Nepropathy,
Kaposi’s Sarcoma, Chronic Lymphatic Leukemia

108
Q

Gold Induce Nepropathy,
Kaposi’s Sarcoma, Chronic Lymphatic Leukemia

109
Q

HLA B8

A

HIV Infection

110
Q

HIV Infection

Immunology and Serology (5 decks)

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