Introduction to Immunity + Innate Immunity Flashcards
____ is the study of a host’s reactions when foreign substances are introduced into the body.
Immunology
____ is the study of the molecules, cells, organs, and systems responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign substances.
Immunology
Role of the Immune System
- Defend against infections
- Recognizing and responding to foreign substances
- Defend against development of tumors
____ is the condition of being resistant to infection.
Immunity
____ is the recognition of foreign substances and subsequent production of antibodies.
Immunity
Immunity can be classified as either ____.
Innate or Acquired
Other terms for Natural Immunity
- Innate
- Non-specific
- Non-adaptive
____ is the ability of the individual to resist infections by means of normally present body functions.
Natural Immunity
Other terms for Acquired Immunity
- Adaptive
- Specific
____ is a type of resistance characterized by specificity for each individual pathogen, and the ability to remember a prior exposure.
Acquired Immunity
____ is a reaction resulting from invasion of foreign substances.
Acquired Immunity
2 Types of Adaptive Immunity
- Active
- Passive
Which Type of Adaptive Immunity?
The body is involved in producing antibodies.
Active Immunity
Types of Active Immunity
- Natural
- Artificial
Which Type of Active Immunity?
Infection
Natural Active
Which Type of Active Immunity?
Vaccination (Ag)
Artificial Active
Duration of Response: Active Immunity
Long
Which Type of Adaptive Immunity?
Antibodies come from external source
Passive Immunity
Types of Passive Immunity
- Natural
- Artificial
Which Type of Passive Immunity?
Breastfeeding
Natural Passive
Which Type of Passive Immunity?
Vaccination (Ab)
Artificial Passive
Which Type of Passive Immunity?
Transfer in vivo or colostrum
Natural Passive
Which Type of Passive Immunity?
Infusion of serum or plasma
Artificial Passive
Duration of Response: Passive Immunity
Short
Identify which type of immunity is described based on the feature
Mechanisms involved are non-specific.
Innate Immunity
Identify which type of immunity is described based on the feature
Mechanisms that pre-exist the invasion of foreign agents.
Innate Immunity
Identify which type of immunity is described based on the feature
Components are pre-formed
Innate Immunity
Identify which type of immunity is described based on the feature
They are non-adaptive, has a standardized magnitude of response.
Innate Immunity
Identify which type of immunity is described based on the feature
Lacks immunologic memory
Innate Immunity
Identify which type of immunity is described based on the feature
Reinforcement
Adaptive Immunity
Identify which type of immunity is described based on the feature
Inducibility
Adaptive Immunity
Identify which type of immunity is described based on the feature
Specificity
Adaptive Immunity
Identify which type of immunity is described based on the feature
Diversity
Adaptive Immunity
Identify which type of immunity is described based on the feature
Memory
Adaptive Immunity
Identify which type of immunity is described based on the feature
Specialization
Adaptive Immunity
Identify which type of immunity is described based on the feature
Self-limitation
Adaptive Immunity
Identify which type of immunity is described based on the feature
Discrimination
Adaptive Immunity
Two Categories of Adaptive Response
- Humoral
- Cell-mediated
Characteristics of the Two Categories of Adaptive Immunity
Mechanism: Humoral
Antibody mediated
Characteristics of the Two Categories of Adaptive Immunity
Mechanism: Antibody mediated
Humoral
Characteristics of the Two Categories of Adaptive Immunity
Cell Type: Humoral
B Lymphocyte
Characteristics of the Two Categories of Adaptive Immunity
Cell Type: B Lymphocyte
Humoral
Characteristics of the Two Categories of Adaptive Immunity
Mode of Action: Humoral
Antibodies in serum
Characteristics of the Two Categories of Adaptive Immunity
Mode of Action: Antibodies in serum
Humoral
Characteristics of the Two Categories of Adaptive Immunity
Purpose: Humoral
Defense against bacterial infections
Characteristics of the Two Categories of Adaptive Immunity
Purpose: Primary defense against bacterial infections.
Humoral
Characteristics of the Two Categories of Adaptive Immunity
Mechanism: Cell Mediated
Cell mediated
Characteristics of the Two Categories of Adaptive Immunity
Cell Type: Cell Mediated
T Lymphocyte
Characteristics of the Two Categories of Adaptive Immunity
Cell Type: T Lymphocyte
Cell Mediated
Characteristics of the Two Categories of Adaptive Immunity
Mode of Action: Cell Mediated
Direct cell-to-cell interaction
Characteristics of the Two Categories of Adaptive Immunity
Mode of Action: Direct cell-to-cell contact
Cell Mediated
Characteristics of the Two Categories of Adaptive Immunity
Purpose: Cell Mediated
Defense against viral and fungal infections
Characteristics of the Two Categories of Adaptive Immunity
Purpose: Defense against viral and fungal infections
Cell Mediated
____ consists of defenses against infection that are ready for immediate action when a host is attacked by a pathogen.
Innate Immunity
TRUE OR FALSE.
Regardless of the infectious agent to which the body is exposed, innate immunity produces the same response.
True
Components of the ____ can be thought of as the first responders because they react immediately to infectious agents.
Innate Immunity
Components of the innate immunity can be thought of as the ____ because they react immediately to infectious agents.
first responders
____ are composed of structural barriers that prevent most infectious agents from entering the body.
External Defense Mechanisms
Structural/Physical/Anatomical Barriers
- Skin
- Mucous membranes
- Lacrimal apparatus
- Cilia
- Sweat & Sebaceous glands
Structural/Physical/Anatomical Barriers
____ is a protein found in the skin which makes it impermeable to most infectious agents.
Keratin
Structural/Physical/Anatomical Barriers
____ bind to microorganisms to help move pathogens out.
Surfactants
Structural/Physical/Anatomical Barriers
____ is a product of skin cells that has an antibacterial effect against gram-negative organisms.
Psoriasin
Structural/Physical/Anatomical Barriers
____ maintain skin pH of 5.6 to keep microorganisms from growing.
Lactic acid and Fatty acids
Mechanical Barriers
- Peristaltic movement
- Shedding of cells
- Coughing and Sneezing
- Flushing action of urine
Chemical Barriers
- Acid pH
- Lysozyme
- Lactoferrin
____ attacks the cell wall of gram positive organisms.
Lysozyme
External Defense Mechanisms
- Physical barriers
- Mechanical barriers
- Chemical barriers
____ are designed to recognize molecules that are unique to infectious organisms.
Internal Defense Mechanism
Physiological Factors
- Body Temperature
- Oxygen tension
- Hormonal Balance
Basic Polypeptides
- Spermin
- Defensin
____ inhibits the growth of gram-positive bacteria.
Spermin
____ limits the spread of viral infection.
Interferons
Types of Interferons
- Alpha
- Beta
- Gamma
____ is the principal soluble mediator of inflammatory response.
Complement
____ are normal serum constituents that increase rapidly due to infection, injury, or trauma to the tissues.
Acute-Phase Reactants
Acute-phase reactants are produced by ____.
hepatocytes
Acute-phase reactants are produced in the ____.
liver
Acute-phase reactants are produced in response to an ____.
increase in cytokines
The major cytokines involved in inflammation are ____.
- IL-1
- IL-6
- TNF-α
Acute-phase reactants increase rapidly by at least ____.
25%
Acute-Phase Reactants
Function: Opsonization, complement activation
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
____ most widely used indicator (marker) of acute inflammation.
C Reactive Protein (CRP)
____ is a trace constituent of serum originally thought to be antibody to the c-polysaccharide of pneumococci.
C Reactive Protein (CRP)
Elevated levels of CRP are indicated by ____.
- Bacterial infections
- Viral infections
- Rheumatic fever
- Malignant diseases
- Tuberculosis
- After a heart attack
The main substrate of CRP is ____.
phosphocholine
The main substrate of ____ is phosphocholine.
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
Acute-Phase Reactants
Function: Activates monocytes and macrophages
Serum Amyloid A
____ is involved in chemotaxis and phagocyte position.
Serum Amyloid A
____ binds to lysosomal enzymes.
Serum Amyloid A
____ removes cholesterol from cholesterol-filled macrophages at the site of tissue injury.
Serum Amyloid A
____ has a high affinity for High-density Lipoprotein (HDL) Cholesterol.
Serum Amyloid A
____ has been found to increase significantly in bacterial infections than in viral infections.
Serum Amyloid A
____ refers to a series of proteins that are normally present and contribute to inflammation.
Complement
Acute-Phase Reactants
Function: Opsonization, chemotaxis, and lysis of cells
Complement
____ is a trimer that acts as an opsonin.
Mannose-Binding Protein/Lectin
____ is calcium dependent.
Mannose-Binding Protein/Lectin
____ is found widely in mucosal surfaces.
Mannose-Binding Protein/Lectin
MBP is widely distributed on ____.
mucosal surfaces
Lack of MBP is associated with ____.
recurrent yeast infections
____ is involved in complement activation.
Mannose-Binding Protein/Lectin
Acute-Phase Reactants
Function: Protease inhibitor
Alpha-1-antitrypsin
____ is a general plasma inhibtor of proteases released from leukocytes.
Alpha-1-antitrypsin
Alpha-1-antitrypsin is released from ____.
leukocytes
____ counteract the effects of neutrophil invasion during inflammatory response.
Alpha-1-antitrypsin
____ regulates the expression of proinflammatory cytokines.
Alpha-1-antitrypsin
____ is an enzyme secreted by neutrophils during inflammation that can degrade elastin and collagen.
Elastase
Acute-Phase Reactants
Function: Binds hemoglobin
Haptoglobin
____ binds irreversibly to free hemoglobin.
Haptoglobin
____ plays an important role in protecting the kidney from damage and in preventing loss of iron by urinary excretion.
Haptoglobin
____ acts as an antioxidant to provide protection against oxidative damage mediated by free hemoglobin.
Haptoglobin
Increased levels of Haptoglobin is indicated by ____.
- Inflammation
- Stress
- Tissue necrosis
Acute-Phase Reactants
Function: Clot formation
Fibrinogen
____ is the most abundant of the coagulation factors in plasma.
Fibrinogen
____ is an acute-phase protein involved in the coagulation pathway.
Fibrinogen
____ makes the blood more viscous and serves to promote aggregation of red blood cells and platelets.
Fibrinogen
Acute-Phase Reactants
Function: Binds copper and oxidizes iron
Ceruloplasmin
____ is the principal copper-transporting protein in human plasma.
Ceruloplasmin
____ acts as an enzyme, converting the toxic ferrous iron to the non-toxic ferric form.
Ceruloplasmin
____ binds lidocaine and progesterone.
Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein
Acute-Phase Reactants
- C Reactive Protein (CRP)
- Serum Amyloid A
- Mannose Binding Protein/Lectin
- Alpha-1-antitrypsin
- Haptoglobin
- Fibrinogen
- Ceruloplasmin
- Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein
____ is a polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leukocyte.
Neutrophils
____ represents approximately 50-70% of the total peripheral white blood.
Neutrophils
Neutrophils represent approximately ____ of the total peripheral white blood cells.
50-70%
____ are the first responder to infection and are capable of phagocytosis.
Neutrophils
Neutrophils are ____ in diameter.
10-15 um
____ are 10-15 um in diameter.
Neutrophils
____ have a nucleus that has between 2 and 5 lobes.
Neutrophils
Neutrophils have a nucleus that has between ____ lobes.
2-5
____ contain antimicrobial products such as myeloperoxidase, elastase, proteinase-3, cathepsin G, and defensins.
Primary (Azurophilic) Granules
____ are small proteins that have antibacterial activity.
Enzymes of the primary (Azurophilic) granules
Enzymes of the primary (azurophilic) granules of neutrophils
- Myeloperoxidase
- Elastase
- Proteinase-3
- Lysozyme
- Cathepsin G
- Defensins
Enzymes of the secondary granules of neutrophils
- Collagenase
- Lactoferrin
- Lysozyme
- NADPH oxidase
Enzymes of the tertiary granules of neutrophils
- Gelatinase
- Plasminogen activator
____ occurs to allow neutrophils to move from the circulating blood to the tissues.
Margination
____ are also called segmented ____ or segs.
Neutrophils
Eosinophils measure ____ in diameter.
10-15 um
____ makes up 1-4% of the circulating WBC.
Eosinophils
Eosinophils make up ____ of circulating WBC.
1-4%
____ regulate adaptive immune response through cytokine release.
Eosinophils
____ are responsible for killing parasites.
Eosinophils
Its nucleus are usually bilobed or ellipsoidal and is often eccentrically located.
Eosinophils
____ neutralizes basophil.
Eosinophils
____ regulate mast cells.
Eosinophils
Enzymes of the primary granules of eosinophils
- Acid phosphatase
- Arylsulfatase
Eosinophil-specific granules contain which proteins?
- Major basic protein
- Eosinophil cationic protein
- Eosinophil peroxidase
- Eosinophil-derived neurotoxin
____ less efficient in phagocytosis because they lack digestive enzymes.
Eosinophils
____ make up less than 1 percent of all circulating WBCs.
Basophils
____ stimulate the production of IgE.
Basophils
____ induce and maintain allergic (hypersensitivity) reactions.
Basophils
____ is the smallest granulocyte.
Basophils
Basophils have a ____ nucleus.
bilobed
____ have a deep bluish-purple granules.
Basophils
Which granulocyte has a short life span?
Basophils
Components of basophilic granules
- Histamine
- Heparin
- Cytokines
- Growth factors
- Eosinophil chemotactic factor-A
____ contracts the smooth muscle.
Histamine
____ is an anti-coagulant.
Heparin
____ functions in antigen presentation.
Mast Cells
____ plays a role in the enhancement and suppression of adaptive immune response.
Mast Cells
____ are larger than basophils.
Mast Cells
____ have a diameter of 20 um.
Mast Cells
Which cell has a life span of 9-18 months?
Mast Cells
Granular constituents of Mast Cells
- Serine proteases
- Heparin
- Neutrophil chemotactic factor
- Histamine
____ act to increase vascular permeability, and blood flow to the affected area.
Mast Cells
____ resemble basophils.
Mast Cells
____ functions as a major conduit between the innate and adaptive immune response.
Mast Cells
____ are the largest cells in the peripheral blood.
Monocytes
____ are 12-20 um in diameter.
Monocytes
____ have an irregularly folded or horseshoe-shaped nucleus.
Monocytes
First Type of Granular Constituents of Monocytes
- Acid phosphatase
- Peroxidase
- Arylsulfatase
Second Type of Granular Constituents of Monocytes
- B-glucoronidase
- Lipase
- Lysozyme
____ are larger version of monocytes on tissues.
Tissue Macrophages
What is the main difference between a monocyte and tissue macrophage?
Presence of peroxidase (absent in macrophages)
Macrophages in the lungs
Alveolar macrophages
Macrophages in the liver
Kupffer cells
Macrophages in the brain
Microglial cells
Macrophages in the connective tissue
Histiocytes
____ play an important role in initiating and regulating both innate and adaptive immune responses.
Macrophages
The role of macrophages in adaptive immunity is to ____.
present phogocytized antigens to T-lymphocytes
The main function of ____ is to phagocytose antigen and present it to helper T lymphocytes.
Dendritic Cells
____ are the most potent phagocytic cells.
Dendritic Cells
____ are the most effective at antigen presentation.
Dendritic Cells
____ are discovered by Steinman and Cohn in 1973.
Dendritic Cells
Dendritic cells are discovered by ____.
Steinman and Cohn (1973)
____ are discovered by Charles Jameway.
Toll-Like Receptors
Toll-Like Receptors are discovered by ____.
Charles Jameway
____ is the first receptor found in humans.
Toll-like Receptor (TLR)
____ is a protein originally discovered in the fruit fly Drosophila.
Toll
Toll is a protein originally discovered in the fruit fly ____.
Drosophila
TLR Receptors Found on Cell Surfaces
- TLR 1
- TLR 2
- TLR 4
- TLR 5
- TLR 6
TLR Receptors Found on Cell Surfaces
Receptor: TLR 1
Substance Recognized:
Target: Mycobacteria
Lipopeptides
TLR Receptors Found on Cell Surfaces
Receptor:
Substance Recognized: Lipopeptides
Target: Mycobacteria
TLR 1
TLR Receptors Found on Cell Surfaces
Receptor: TLR 2
Substance Recognized:
Target: Gram positive bacteria, mycobacteria, yeasts
- Peptidoglycan
- Lipoproteins
- Zymosan
TLR Receptors Found on Cell Surfaces
Receptor:
Substance Recognized: Peptidoglycan, lipoproteins, zymosan
Target: Gram positive bacteria, mycobacteria, yeasts
TLR 2
TLR Receptors Found on Cell Surfaces
Receptor: TLR 4
Substance Recognized:
Target: Gram negative bacteria, respiratory syncytial virus, fungi
- Lipopolysaccharide
- Fusion proteins
- Mannan
TLR Receptors Found on Cell Surfaces
Receptor:
Substance Recognized: Lipopolysaccharide, fusion proteins, mannan
Target: Gram negative bacteria, respiratory syncytial virus, fungi
TLR 4
TLR Receptors Found on Cell Surfaces
Receptor: TLR 5
Substance Recognized:
Target: Bacteria with flagellae
Flagellin
TLR Receptors Found on Cell Surfaces
Receptor:
Substance Recognized: Flagellin
Target: Bacteria with flagellae
TLR 5
TLR Receptors Found on Cell Surfaces
Receptor: TLR 6
Substance Recognized:
Target: Mycobacteria, gram positive bacteria, yeasts
- Lipopeptide
- Lipoteichoic acid
- Zymosan
TLR Receptors Found on Cell Surfaces
Receptor:
Substance Recognized: Lipopeptides, lipoteichoic acid, zymosan
Target: Mycobacteria, gram positive bacteria, yeasts
TLR 6
TLR Receptors Found on Endosomal Compartments
- TLR 3
- TLR 7
- TLR 8
- TLR 9
- TLR 10
TLR Receptors Found on Endosomal Compartments
Receptor:
Substance Recognized: Double-stranded RNA
Target: RNA viruses
TLR 3
TLR Receptors Found on Endosomal Compartments
Receptor:
Substance Recognized: Single-stranded RNA
Target: RNA viruses
- TLR 7
- TLR 8
TLR Receptors Found on Endosomal Compartments
Receptor:
Substance Recognized: Double-stranded DNA
Target: DNA viruses, bacterial DNA
TLR 9
TLR Receptors Found on Endosomal Compartments
Receptor:
Substance Recognized: Unknown
Target: Unknown
TLR 10
____ binds to mannan and b-glucans found in the target cell.
C-type Lectin Receptor (CLR)
____ recognizes RNA from RNA viruses.
Retinoic acid-inducible gene-I-like receptors (RLRs)
____ binds to peptidoglycan.
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain receptors (NOD)
____ is the engulfment of cells and particulate matter by leukocytes, macrophages, and other cells.
Phagocytosis
Cells that die after phagocytosis are called ____.
Kamikaze Cells
Types of Phagocytosis
- Direct
- Indirect
Which Type of Phagocytosis?
Via opsonin receptors that recognize opsonins such as IgG, CRP, and C3b bound to the microorganism.
Indirect
Which Type of Phagocytosis?
Via pathogen recognition receptors that recognize lipid and carbohydrate sequences on microorganisms.
Direct
4 Major Steps of Phagocytosis
- Attachment/Adherence
- Formation of Phagosome
- Fusion with cytoplasmic granules to form a Phagolysosome
- Digestion and Release of debris
____ is the overall reaction of the body to injury or invasion by an infectious agent.
Inflammation
Cardinal Signs
- Rubor (redness)
- Calor (heat)
- Tumor (swelling)
- Dolor (pain)
- Functio Laesa (loss of function)
Major events associated with the process of inflammation
- Increased blood supply (vasodilation)
- Increased capillary permeability
- Diapedesis
- Chemotaxis
____ is the movement of WBC across the blood vessel wall.
Diapedesis
____ is the movement of WBC towards the site of inflammation.
Chemotaxis
Receptors that Activate Immune Response
- Toll-like Receptors
- C-type Lectin Receptors (CLR)
- Retinoic acid-inducible gene-I-like Receptors (RLRs)
- Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain Receptors (NOD)
