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Immunology and Serology > Cytokines > Flashcards

Cytokines Flashcards

1
Q

____ are small soluble proteins that regulate the immune system, orchestrating both innate immunity and the adaptive response to infection.

A

Cytokines

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2
Q

____ are a class of non-antibody molecules, usually a low molecular weight glycoproteins, change the behavior and function of many different cells.

A

Cytokines

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3
Q

____ are regulatory and effector molecules that act as picomolar to nanomolar concentrations on receptors.

A

Cytokines

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4
Q

____ action is mediated by binding to specific receptors on target cells.

A

Cytokine

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5
Q

Actions of Cytokines

A
  • Autocrine
  • Paracrine
  • Endocrine
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6
Q

Action of Cytokines

____ affects the same cell that secreted it.

A

Autocrine Stimulation

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7
Q

Action of Cytokines

____ affects a target cell in close proximity.

A

Paracrine

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8
Q

Action of Cytokines

____ has an effect that is systemic.

A

Endocrine

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9
Q

Features of Cytokines

A
  • Pleiotropism
  • Redundancy
  • Act in networks
  • Act as hematopoietic growth factor
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10
Q

Features of Cytokines

____ is a characteristic of cytokines in which a single cytokine can produce different effects.

A

Pleiotropism

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11
Q

Features of Cytokines

____ is a characteristic of cytokines in which several cytokines produce the same effect.

A

Redundancy

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12
Q

A ____ is the massive overproduction of cytokines that leads to shock, multiple organ failure, and/or death.

A

Cytokine storm

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13
Q

Cytokines Associated with Innate Immunity that Responds to Extracellular Microbes

A
  • Interleukin-1 (IL-1)
  • Interleukin-6 (IL-6)
  • Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α)
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14
Q

IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α are associated with ____ immunity.

A

innate

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15
Q

IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α responds to ____.

A

extracellular microbes

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16
Q

Effects of IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α

A
  1. Increased capillary permeability
  2. Increased platelet aggregation
  3. Alteration of adhesion molecule expression on capillary endothelial cells
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17
Q

What will happen if there is an increase capillary permeability due to the action of IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α?

A

Anti-microbial proteins such as complement and CRP will enter the tissues for blood plasma.

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18
Q

This action of IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α enhances the entry of leukocyte into the blood.

A

Alteration of adhesion molecule expression on capillary endothelial cells

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19
Q

The Interleukin-1 (IL-1) Cytokine Family

A
  • IL-1α
  • IL-1β
  • IL-1RA (receptor antagonist)
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20
Q

The Interleukin-1 (IL-1) Cytokine Family

____ are expressed in macrophages, monocytes, and dendritic cells.

A
  • IL-1β
  • IL-1RA
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21
Q

The Interleukin-1 (IL-1) Cytokine Family

IL-1β and IL-1RA are expressed in ____.

A

macrophages, monocytes, and dendritic cells

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22
Q

The Interleukin-1 (IL-1) Cytokine Family

____ are expressed in phagocytic cells, and detected in epithelial cells from the skin, lungs, and GIT.

A

IL-1α

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23
Q

The Interleukin-1 (IL-1) Cytokine Family

IL-1α are expressed in ____ and detected in ____.

A

phagocytic cells; epithelial cells from the skin, lungs, and GIT.

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24
Q

The Interleukin-1 (IL-1) Cytokine Family

____ are released from macrophages and monocytes.

A

IL-1α and IL-1β

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25
Q

The Interleukin-1 (IL-1) Cytokine Family

IL-1α and IL-1β are released from ____.

A

macrophages and monocytes

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26
Q

The Interleukin-1 (IL-1) Cytokine Family

____ is known as the endogenous pyrogen.

A

IL-1β

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27
Q

The Interleukin-1 (IL-1) Cytokine Family

IL-1β is known as the ____.

A

endogenous pyrogen

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28
Q

The Interleukin-1 (IL-1) Cytokine Family

IL-1β, being known as endogenous pyrogen, means that ____.

A

it has the ability to induce fever

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29
Q

The Interleukin-1 (IL-1) Cytokine Family

Effects of high body temperature due to fever

A
  • Inhibit growth of bacteria and fungi
  • Increase microbicidal activity of macrophages and neutrophils
  • Contribute to the feelings of discomfort and fatigue (to reduce body activity and conserve energy for combatting the infection).
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30
Q

Tumor Necrosis Factors

A
  • TNFR-α
  • TNFR-β
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31
Q

____ are cytokines which are observed to kill cancer cells.

A

Tumor Necrosis Factors

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32
Q

Tumor Necrosis Factors

____ contains two receptors.

A

TNFR-α

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33
Q

Tumor Necrosis Factors

TNFR-α contains ____.

A

Two Receptors:
* TNFR-1
* TNFR-2

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34
Q

Tumor Necrosis Factors

____ is expressed in many cells.

A

TNFR-1

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35
Q

Tumor Necrosis Factors

____ is seen in hematopoietic cells and endothelial cells.

A

TNFR-2

36
Q

Tumor Necrosis Factors

TNFR-2 is seen in ____.

A

hematopoietic cells and endothelial cells

37
Q

Tumor Necrosis Factors

____ is also called lymphotoxin.

A

TNFR-β

38
Q

Tumor Necrosis Factors

TNFR-β is also called ____.

A

lymphotoxin

39
Q

Tumor Necrosis Factors

____ is produced by lymphocytes.

A

TNFR-β

40
Q

Tumor Necrosis Factors

TNFR-β is produced by ____.

A

lymphocytes

41
Q

Tumor Necrosis Factors

____ causes cell death and cytotoxicity.

A

TNFR-β

42
Q

Tumor Necrosis Factors

TNFR-β causes ____.

A

cell death and cytotoxicity

43
Q

____ stimulates the production of acute-phase reactants.

A

Interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6 receptor)

44
Q

IL-6 receptor stimulates the production of ____.

A

acute-phase reactants

45
Q

____ increases the activation of B and T lymphocytes.

A

Interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6 receptor)

46
Q

IL-6 receptor increases the activation of ____.

A

B and T lymphocytes

47
Q

____ modulates immunoglobulin synthesis.

A

Interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6 receptor)

48
Q

When IL-6 receptor modulates immunoglobulin synthesis, it is able to ____.

A

cause B cells to proliferate and differentiate to plasma cells

49
Q

____ are derived from cytokine and chemotaxis.

A

Chemokines

50
Q

____ are known as the movement toward a stimulus.

A

Chemokines

51
Q

____ are characterized as a factor that induces growth arrest in tumor cells.

A

Transforming Growth Factor-β

52
Q

Transforming Growth Factor-β are characterized as a factor that induces ____ in tumor cells.

A

growth arrest

53
Q

____ have anti-proliferative activity.

A

Transforming Growth Factor-β

54
Q

Transforming Growth Factor-β have ____ activity.

A

anti-proliferative

55
Q

____ is a primary regulator of cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis and migration.

A

Transforming Growth Factor-β

56
Q

Types of Transforming Growth Factor-β

A
  • TGF-β1
  • TGF-β2
  • TGF-β3
57
Q

Type I Interferons

A
  • Interferon-α
  • Interferon-β
58
Q

Type II Interferon

A

IFN-γ

59
Q

____ is the most important cytokines in response to viral infection.

A

Type I Interferons: IFN-α and IFN-β

60
Q

____ are substances produced by virally infected cells; interferes with viral replication.

A

Interferons

61
Q

Cytokines Produced by Th1 Cells

A
  • IL-2
  • IFN-γ
62
Q

Cytokines Produced by Th1 Cells

T cell growth factor

A

Interleukin-2 (IL-2)

63
Q

Cytokines Produced by Th1 Cells

____ functions in the enhancement of antigen presentation by class I and II MHC molecules.

A

IFN-γ

64
Q

Cytokines Produced by Th2 Cells

A
  • Interleukin-4 (IL-4)
  • Interleukin-10 (IL-10)
65
Q

Cytokines Produced by Th2 Cells

____ induces the production of MHC class I molecules.

A

Interleukin-4 (IL-4)

66
Q

Cytokines Produced by Th2 Cells

____ is also expressed in lymphocyes and non-hematopoietic cells.

A

Interleukin-4 (IL-4)

67
Q

Cytokines Produced by Th2 Cells

____ has inhibitory effects on the immune system.

A

Interleukin-10 (IL-10)

68
Q

____ is produced under MHC Class I.

A

IL-4, IL-5, IL-13

69
Q

IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 is produced under ____.

A

Class I MHC

70
Q

____ codes for eosinophils.

A

IL-4 and IL-5

71
Q

IL-4 and IL-5 codes for ____.

A

eosinophils

72
Q

How do T-regulatory cells supress immunity?

A
  • Production of supressive cytokines, such as IL-10 and TGF-β
  • Disruption of T-cell metabolism
  • Direct cytotoxic killing of T cells and APCs
  • Modulation of signaling between APC and T cells
73
Q

Suppressive cytokines

A
  • IL-10
  • TGF-β
74
Q

Th17 Cytokines in Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses

A
  • IL-17
  • TGF-β
  • IL-6
  • IL-23
75
Q

CSFs stand for ____.

A

Colony-Stimulating Factors

76
Q

Colony-Stimulating Factors

____ stimulates the bone marrow to produce T and B cells.

A

IL-3

77
Q

Colony-Stimulating Factors

____ is for RBC production.

A

Erythropoietin (EPO)

78
Q

Colony-Stimulating Factors

____ becomes neutrophils when activated.

A

Granulocye Colony-Stimulating Factor (G-CSF)

79
Q

Colony-Stimulating Factors

____ becomes macrophages when activated.

A

Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (M-CSF)

80
Q

Colony-Stimulating Factors

____ becomes other WBC types.

A

Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF)

81
Q

Colony-Stimulating Factors

____ gives rise to basophils and mast cells.

A

IL-3 + GM-CSF

82
Q

Colony-Stimulating Factors

____ gives rise to eosinophils.

A

IL-3 + IL-5 + GM-CSF

83
Q

Clinical Assays for Cytokines

A
  • Multiplexed Enzyme-Linked Immunoabsorbent Assays (ELISA)
  • Microbead Assays
  • ELISpot Assays
84
Q

Clinical Assays for Cytokines

____ uses different antibodies.

A

Multiplexed Enzyme-Linked Immunoabsorbent Assays (ELISA)

85
Q

Clinical Assays for Cytokines

____ allows for the detection of multiple cytokines in a single tube.

A

Microbead Assays

86
Q

Clinical Assays for Cytokines

____ allows for the detection of individual cytokine-secreting cells.

A

ELISpot Assays

Immunology and Serology (5 decks)

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