Nature, Nurture, Diversity, Development (Ch 4/5) Flashcards
heritability
the proportion of varation among individuals that we can attribute to gens.the hertability of a trait may vary, degending on hte range of populations and environments sdudied.
If the heritability of intelligence is 50 percent, that does not mean that your intelligence is 50 percent genetic. rather it means that genetic influence explains 50 percent of the observed variation among people
collectivism
giving priority to goals of ones group (often one’s extended faimly or work group) and defining one’s identity accordingly
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman’s heavy drinking. in severe cases, symptoms includ noticeable facial misprotortions
habituation
decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. as infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a bisual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner ( this seeming boredom with familiar stimuli gives us a way to ask infants what they see and remember)
Assimilation (piaget)
interpeting our new experience in terms of our existing schemas. . having a simple schema for cow, a toddler may call all four legged animals cows.
accomodation
adapting our current understanginds (schemas) to incorporate new information
Piaget
Sometimes Piaget Can conFuse Sensorimotor Preoperational Concrete operational formal operational
sensorimotor
- piaget
- birth to 2 years
- the stage during which infants know hte world mostly in terms of their sensory imperssions and motor activies
- lack object permanence until about 8 months
Researchers believe Piaget underestimated power of baby logic
- shown numerically impossible outcomes of puppets on screen, infants stare longer
- stare longer at impossible objects and situations
preoperational
2 - 6/7 years
- child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic
- lacks conservation
- egocentric =>
- theory of mind - develops around age 4
Judy DeLoache (1987) showed that 3 year olds could understand some symbolic thinking, understanding that models were a symbol for a room ( in stuffed animal hiding in model couch experiment) p 183
conservation
the principle that quantity remains the same despite changes in shape
-egocentric
in Piaget’s hteory, the preoperational child’s difficulty taking another’s point of view
asked to “show mommy yourpicture” 2 year old Dabriella holds the picture up facing her own eyes. three year old Gray makes himself “invisible” by putting his hands over his eyes, assuming that if he can’t see his grandparents they can’t see him”
theory of mind
people’s ideas about their own and others’ mental states -about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict
starts developing around age 4, when children worldwide come to realize that others may hold false beliefs (e.g. changing what is inside of a box, and realizing that the other person will still think that the old object is in the box
children with autism
have difficulty understanding that Sally’s state of mind differs from their own- that sally not knowing the ball has been moved will return to e red cupboard.
they also have difficulty refflecting on their own mental statesi they are for example less likely to use the personal pronouns Iand me.
deaf children and theory of mind
deaf children who have hearing partens and minimal communication opportunities have similar difficulty inferring others’ states of mind
We are able to appreciate others’ perceptions and feelings before we can appreciate
others’ beliefs (with regard to the age in our development)
by age 7
children become increasingly capable of thinking in words and of using words to work out solutions to problems. they do this noted Lev Vygotsky by internalizind their culture’s language and relying on inner speech
autism
a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understangin of others’ states of mind
attachment
an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation
Harry Harlow monkey experiment
critical period
an optimal period w=shortly after birth when an organism’s exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development
temperament
the usual attitude, mood, or behavior of a person or animal
In psychology, temperament refers to those aspects of an individual’s personality, such as introversion or extroversion, that are often regarded as innate rather than . . .
social learning theory
proposed social learning theory, which emphasizes the importance of observational learning.
albert bandura bobo doll
kohlberg
pre/con/postconventional morality definitions
posed moral dilemmas
gender role
Gender roles are the social and behavioral norms that are generally considered appropriate for either a man or a woman in a social or interpersonal relationship.
guys dont cry
Cross-Sectional Study
a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another
longitudinal study
research in which the same people are rsetudied and retested over a long period
fluid intelligence
our ability to reason speedily and abstractly
-tends to decrease during late adulthood
pruning process
In neuroscience, synaptic pruning, neuronal pruning or axon pruning refer to neurological regulatory processes, which facilitate changes in neural structure by reducing the overall number of neurons and synapses, leaving more efficient synaptic configurations. Pruning is a process that is a general feature of mammalian neurological development. Pruning starts near the time of birth and is completed by the time of sexual maturation in humans
Pruning is influenced by environmental factors and is widely thought to represent learning.[3] After adolescence, the volume of the synaptic connections decreases again due to synaptic pruning.[3]
Strange Situation
attachment study where mom leaves baby in room with toys and other person comes. babies with secure attachment fared best, and ran to mom when mom came back
ACTUALLY IDK WHAT REALLY HAPPENED. NEED TO CHECK MY NOTES.
Authoritarian
rules, expect obedience, not too reasonable
permissive
submit to childen’s desires. few demands and little punishment
authoritative
both demanding and responsive, reasonable. especially with older children, encourage open discussion when making the rules and aloow exceptinos
children with highest self-esteem, self-reliance, and social competecne, usually have warm ,concerned, authoritative parents
those with authoriatarin parents tend to have less social skiil and self-esteem, and those with permissive parents tend to be more aggressive and immature. . . but those studies may only apply (it doesnt look like it ) to white middle class america
Preconventional Morality
< age 9
avoid punsihment or gain concrete rewards
conventional morality
by early adolescence
caring for others, upholding social rules and laws, simply because they are the laws and rules
postconventional morality
with the abstract reasoning of formal operational thought. actions are judged right because they flow from people’s rights or from self-defined basic ethical principles.
erikson’s stages
- 1 Hopes: Trust vs. Mistrust (Oral-sensory, Birth-2 years)
- 2 Will: Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt (Muscular-Anal, 2-4 years)
- 3 Purpose: Initiative vs. Guilt (Locomotor-Genital, Preschool, 4-5 years)
- 4 Competence: Industry vs. Inferiority (Latency, 5-12 years)
- 5 Fidelity: Identity vs. Role Confusion (Adolescence, 13-19 years)
- 6 Love: Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young adulthood, 20-24, or 20-39 years)
- 7 Care: Generativity vs. Stagnation (Middle adulthood, 25-64, or 40-64 years)
- 8 Wisdom: Ego Integrity vs. Despair (Late adulthood, 65-death)
