Nature, Nurture, Diversity, Development (Ch 4/5)

Question 1

heritability

Answer 1

the proportion of varation among individuals that we can attribute to gens.the hertability of a trait may vary, degending on hte range of populations and environments sdudied.

If the heritability of intelligence is 50 percent, that does not mean that your intelligence is 50 percent genetic. rather it means that genetic influence explains 50 percent of the observed variation among people

Question 2

collectivism

Answer 2

giving priority to goals of ones group (often one’s extended faimly or work group) and defining one’s identity accordingly

Question 3

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

Answer 3

physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman’s heavy drinking. in severe cases, symptoms includ noticeable facial misprotortions

Question 4

habituation

Answer 4

decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. as infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a bisual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner ( this seeming boredom with familiar stimuli gives us a way to ask infants what they see and remember)

Question 5

Assimilation (piaget)

Answer 5

interpeting our new experience in terms of our existing schemas. . having a simple schema for cow, a toddler may call all four legged animals cows.

Question 6

accomodation

Answer 6

adapting our current understanginds (schemas) to incorporate new information

Question 7

Piaget

Answer 7

Sometimes Piaget Can conFuse
Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete operational
formal operational

Question 8

sensorimotor

Answer 8

• piaget
• birth to 2 years
• the stage during which infants know hte world mostly in terms of their sensory imperssions and motor activies
• lack object permanence until about 8 months

Researchers believe Piaget underestimated power of baby logic

• shown numerically impossible outcomes of puppets on screen, infants stare longer
• stare longer at impossible objects and situations

Question 9

preoperational

Answer 9

2 - 6/7 years

• child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic
• lacks conservation
• egocentric =>
• theory of mind - develops around age 4

Judy DeLoache (1987) showed that 3 year olds could understand some symbolic thinking, understanding that models were a symbol for a room ( in stuffed animal hiding in model couch experiment) p 183

Question 10

conservation

Answer 10

the principle that quantity remains the same despite changes in shape

Question 11

-egocentric

Answer 11

in Piaget’s hteory, the preoperational child’s difficulty taking another’s point of view

asked to “show mommy yourpicture” 2 year old Dabriella holds the picture up facing her own eyes. three year old Gray makes himself “invisible” by putting his hands over his eyes, assuming that if he can’t see his grandparents they can’t see him”

Question 12

theory of mind

Answer 12

people’s ideas about their own and others’ mental states -about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict

starts developing around age 4, when children worldwide come to realize that others may hold false beliefs (e.g. changing what is inside of a box, and realizing that the other person will still think that the old object is in the box

Question 13

children with autism

Answer 13

have difficulty understanding that Sally’s state of mind differs from their own- that sally not knowing the ball has been moved will return to e red cupboard.
they also have difficulty refflecting on their own mental statesi they are for example less likely to use the personal pronouns Iand me.

Question 14

deaf children and theory of mind

Answer 14

deaf children who have hearing partens and minimal communication opportunities have similar difficulty inferring others’ states of mind

Question 15

We are able to appreciate others’ perceptions and feelings before we can appreciate

Answer 15

others’ beliefs (with regard to the age in our development)

Question 16

by age 7

Answer 16

children become increasingly capable of thinking in words and of using words to work out solutions to problems. they do this noted Lev Vygotsky by internalizind their culture’s language and relying on inner speech

Question 17

autism

Answer 17

a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understangin of others’ states of mind

Question 18

attachment

Answer 18

an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation

Harry Harlow monkey experiment

Question 19

critical period

Answer 19

an optimal period w=shortly after birth when an organism’s exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development

Question 20

temperament

Answer 20

the usual attitude, mood, or behavior of a person or animal

In psychology, temperament refers to those aspects of an individual’s personality, such as introversion or extroversion, that are often regarded as innate rather than . . .

Question 21

social learning theory

Answer 21

proposed social learning theory, which emphasizes the importance of observational learning.

albert bandura bobo doll

Question 22

kohlberg

Answer 22

pre/con/postconventional morality definitions

posed moral dilemmas

Question 23

gender role

Answer 23

Gender roles are the social and behavioral norms that are generally considered appropriate for either a man or a woman in a social or interpersonal relationship.

guys dont cry

Question 24

Cross-Sectional Study

Answer 24

a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another

Question 25

longitudinal study

Answer 25

research in which the same people are rsetudied and retested over a long period

Question 26

fluid intelligence

Answer 26

our ability to reason speedily and abstractly

-tends to decrease during late adulthood

Question 27

pruning process

Answer 27

In neuroscience, synaptic pruning, neuronal pruning or axon pruning refer to neurological regulatory processes, which facilitate changes in neural structure by reducing the overall number of neurons and synapses, leaving more efficient synaptic configurations. Pruning is a process that is a general feature of mammalian neurological development. Pruning starts near the time of birth and is completed by the time of sexual maturation in humans

Pruning is influenced by environmental factors and is widely thought to represent learning.[3] After adolescence, the volume of the synaptic connections decreases again due to synaptic pruning.[3]

Question 28

Strange Situation

Answer 28

attachment study where mom leaves baby in room with toys and other person comes. babies with secure attachment fared best, and ran to mom when mom came back

ACTUALLY IDK WHAT REALLY HAPPENED. NEED TO CHECK MY NOTES.

Question 29

Authoritarian

Answer 29

rules, expect obedience, not too reasonable

Question 30

permissive

Answer 30

submit to childen’s desires. few demands and little punishment

Question 31

authoritative

Answer 31

both demanding and responsive, reasonable. especially with older children, encourage open discussion when making the rules and aloow exceptinos

children with highest self-esteem, self-reliance, and social competecne, usually have warm ,concerned, authoritative parents

those with authoriatarin parents tend to have less social skiil and self-esteem, and those with permissive parents tend to be more aggressive and immature. . . but those studies may only apply (it doesnt look like it ) to white middle class america

Question 32

Preconventional Morality

Answer 32

< age 9

avoid punsihment or gain concrete rewards

Question 33

conventional morality

Answer 33

by early adolescence

caring for others, upholding social rules and laws, simply because they are the laws and rules

Question 34

postconventional morality

Answer 34

with the abstract reasoning of formal operational thought. actions are judged right because they flow from people’s rights or from self-defined basic ethical principles.

Question 35

erikson’s stages

Answer 35

1. 1 Hopes: Trust vs. Mistrust (Oral-sensory, Birth-2 years)
2. 2 Will: Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt (Muscular-Anal, 2-4 years)
3. 3 Purpose: Initiative vs. Guilt (Locomotor-Genital, Preschool, 4-5 years)
4. 4 Competence: Industry vs. Inferiority (Latency, 5-12 years)
5. 5 Fidelity: Identity vs. Role Confusion (Adolescence, 13-19 years)
6. 6 Love: Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young adulthood, 20-24, or 20-39 years)
7. 7 Care: Generativity vs. Stagnation (Middle adulthood, 25-64, or 40-64 years)
8. 8 Wisdom: Ego Integrity vs. Despair (Late adulthood, 65-death)