Learning and Memory (Ch 7/8) Flashcards
classical conditioning
a type of conditioning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events
-helps animals prepare for good or bad events
Pavlov US - food UR - salivate CS - bell CR - salivate
Acquisition
- in classical conditioning, the inital stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that hte neutral simulus begins triggering hte conditioned response.
- in operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response.
- the intial learning of the stimulus-response relationship
- timing
Sam flinched the 3rd time Mrs. Noland said “can” before spraying him
Spontaneous recovery
the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response
-pavlov hypothesized that htis meant extinction was suppressing hte CR rarther than eliminating it
-2 weeks after Sam has been fine with the word “can”, Sam flinches when hearing “can”
Learned helplessness
the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unalbe to avoid repeated aversive events
dogs strapped in a harness and given repeated shocks, with no opportunity to avoid them learned a senses of helplessness. leater placed in another situation where they could escape the punishment by simply leaping a hurdle, hte dogs cowered as without hope.
shaping
an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior towrad closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior
Rat in Skinne’r box - getting rat to approach bar
1) watch how rat normally behaves
2) give rat food reward each time it approaches bar
3) give rat food only when it gets close to bar
4) finally only give rat food when it touches bar
Operant Chamber
aka Skinner’s box
-in operant conditiong, a chamber containing a bar or a key that an animla can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal’s rate of bar pressing or key pecking
variable ratio schedule
in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinfoces a response after an unpredictable number of responses
fly fishing, gambling
–those behaviors are hard to extinguish
cognitive map
a mental representation of the layout of one’s environment. for example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it.
latent learning
learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
Ryan rarely talking when he was a kid bc “there’s nothing to talk about”
Extrinsic motivation
a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment
getting As on report card to receive money from parents
encoding
the processsing of information into the memory system - for example, by extracting meaning
-“gettig information into our brain”
brain encodes sensory information into neural language, just as a computer translates input (keystrokes) into a an electronic language
encoding > storage > retrieval
sensory memory
the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system
- We first record to-be-rememberd information as a fleeting sensory memory
- echoic and iconic
one of hte many sounds you hear or words you see that you could remember for up to 5 seconds, but oculdn’t remember a year later
automatic processing
unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as sspace, itme ,and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings.
Encoding
> automatic (where you ate dinner yesterday)
> effortful (this chapter’s concepts)
semantic encoding
the encoding of meaning
the best type of encoding to help you recognize the words at a different time
-meaningful information 10 times easier to remember than nonsense info
one actor (to memorize) divided a half page of dialogue into meaningful sections (intentions): “to flatter”, “to draw him out”
acoustic encoding
the encoding of sound, especially the sound of words
visual
- the encoding of picture images
Long-Term Potentiation
an increase in a synapse’s firing potential after brief, ragid stimulation. believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory
-prolonged strengthening of potential neural firing, which provides a neural basis for learning and remembering associations
ex: mutant mice engineering to lack an enzyme needed for TLP can’t learn their way out of a maze
Implicit Memory
a.k.a nondeclarative memory
retention independent of conscious recollection
skills, actions
people with a certain type of amnesia no longer consciously recall htings, but sitll have their unconscious capacity for learningThey can learn how to do something (implicit memorY), but may not know and declare that htey know (explicit memory)
recall
a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test
retreviing memories on a fill-in-the-blank test
priming
the activation, often unconsciously, of particular assocations in memory
-“wakening of associations”
Seeing or hearing the word “rabbit” > activates concept of rabbit > primes spelling of the spoken word hair/hare as h-a-r-e
mood congruent memory
the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good or bad mood
if you’ve had a bad evening - your date never showed, your Toledo Mud Hens hat has disappeared, your TV went out 10 minutes before the end of a mystery - your gloomy mood may facilitate recalling other bad times
proactive interference
the disruptive effect of prior learning on hte recall of new information
-forward-acting
if you buy a new combination lock, your memory of the old one may interfere
source amnesia
attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined (also called source misattirbution)
source amnesia, along with the misinformation affect, is at the heard of many false memories
me thinking that my brother first told me he got a new job when it was actually my mom
operant behavior
behavior that operates on the environment to produce rewarding or punishing stimuli
eg. dog peeing outside so that he can get a food treat
law of effect
Thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable cosequence become less likely
Big Bang Theory
- spraying water at guy when he does something bad
- giving chocolate to girl when she does something good
negative reinforcement
increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing stimuli, such as a shock. a negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response.
-not punishment
pushing snooze button silences alarm
-this welcome result (end of alarm) provides negative reinforcement and increases the odds that you will repeat the behavior (pushing the snooze button) (i guess)
