Learning and Memory (Ch 7/8) Flashcards
classical conditioning
a type of conditioning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events
-helps animals prepare for good or bad events
Pavlov US - food UR - salivate CS - bell CR - salivate
Acquisition
- in classical conditioning, the inital stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that hte neutral simulus begins triggering hte conditioned response.
- in operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response.
- the intial learning of the stimulus-response relationship
- timing
Sam flinched the 3rd time Mrs. Noland said “can” before spraying him
Spontaneous recovery
the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response
-pavlov hypothesized that htis meant extinction was suppressing hte CR rarther than eliminating it
-2 weeks after Sam has been fine with the word “can”, Sam flinches when hearing “can”
Learned helplessness
the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unalbe to avoid repeated aversive events
dogs strapped in a harness and given repeated shocks, with no opportunity to avoid them learned a senses of helplessness. leater placed in another situation where they could escape the punishment by simply leaping a hurdle, hte dogs cowered as without hope.
shaping
an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior towrad closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior
Rat in Skinne’r box - getting rat to approach bar
1) watch how rat normally behaves
2) give rat food reward each time it approaches bar
3) give rat food only when it gets close to bar
4) finally only give rat food when it touches bar
Operant Chamber
aka Skinner’s box
-in operant conditiong, a chamber containing a bar or a key that an animla can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal’s rate of bar pressing or key pecking
variable ratio schedule
in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinfoces a response after an unpredictable number of responses
fly fishing, gambling
–those behaviors are hard to extinguish
cognitive map
a mental representation of the layout of one’s environment. for example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it.
latent learning
learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
Ryan rarely talking when he was a kid bc “there’s nothing to talk about”
Extrinsic motivation
a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment
getting As on report card to receive money from parents
encoding
the processsing of information into the memory system - for example, by extracting meaning
-“gettig information into our brain”
brain encodes sensory information into neural language, just as a computer translates input (keystrokes) into a an electronic language
encoding > storage > retrieval
sensory memory
the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system
- We first record to-be-rememberd information as a fleeting sensory memory
- echoic and iconic
one of hte many sounds you hear or words you see that you could remember for up to 5 seconds, but oculdn’t remember a year later
automatic processing
unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as sspace, itme ,and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings.
Encoding
> automatic (where you ate dinner yesterday)
> effortful (this chapter’s concepts)
semantic encoding
the encoding of meaning
the best type of encoding to help you recognize the words at a different time
-meaningful information 10 times easier to remember than nonsense info
one actor (to memorize) divided a half page of dialogue into meaningful sections (intentions): “to flatter”, “to draw him out”
acoustic encoding
the encoding of sound, especially the sound of words
