Nature and Meaning of Learning Flashcards
a non-stop complex process; it serves as the foundation of a person’s activities and proof of being rational.
Learning
it is the simplest kind of learning.
Habituation
it is the next level of learning wherein we form new associations between a stimulus and a response (S-R Theory).
Associative Learning
Two Kinds of Learning by association
Classical and operant conditioning
discovered classical conditioning. He was a Russian physiologist where the subject of his experiment was a dog.
Ivan Pavlov
respondents conditioning involves the transfer of response from one stimulus to another through repeated pairings
Classical conditioning
this is when the stimulus association is learned.
Acquisition phase
the constant pairing of a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.
Trial
refers to an event which may enhance or maintain the strength of a response.
Reinforcement
in classical conditioning, this refers to a decrease in the strength of a conditioned response resulting from repeatedly eliciting the response in the absence of the reinforcement.
Extinction
a possible recurrence of an extinguished conditioned response.
Spontaneous recovery
this is the tendency of the stimulus that is similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit the conditioned response.
Generalization
it is the opposite of generalization. It is the process of responding
to the variation or differences between stimuli.
Discrimination
a phenomenon which aids the individual to become flexible with his response to the environment
Higher-Order conditioning
The learner is allowed to discover how his behavior response affects the environment and vice-versa (Skinner, B.F. extensively
experimented)
Operant conditioning
refers to a series of responses wherein each response leads to the next response
Shaping
in operant conditioning, this is a progressive weakening of an
instrumental learning due to the withdrawal of reinforcement.
Extinction
refers to the tendency of a stimulus, which is similar to the one used in training to elicit the same response
Stimulus Generalization
in here, the response made in one stimulus is not made if one stimulus is not made possible to the others.
Discrimination Learning
there is a possibility of maintaining operant response in a schedule of intermittent wherein the responses made by an individual are reinforced only part of the time
Partial Reinforcement
these reinforcers are learned, they are referred to a stimulus that has gained a reinforcing property by having been paired with a primary reinforcer
Secondary Reinforcement
the most prominent social learning theorist in the United States, who has engaged in many experiments involving learning by observing which is otherwise known as vicarious learning or modeling, because a model is being imitated.
Albert Bandura
sensing and perceiving the important aspects of the behavior to be imitated.
Attention
remembering the behavior either through mental images or languages.
Retention
converting the recalled observation into action.
Motoric Reproduction
being encouraged and motivated to adopt the behavior.
Reinforcement
refers to proficiency and competency in a certain kind of performance.
Skill
What are the three stages in learning a skill
cognition, fixation, and automation.
This kind of learning is distinctly human. It involves the use of words, either as stimuli or responses
Verbal Learning
where the first item in a list serves as a stimulus to the second serves as stimulus to the next.
Serial-Anticipation Learning
an effect wherein the first and last items in the list are better remembered than the middle item.
serial position effect
involves the organization of the verbal materials like groupings of vegetables and fruits
Free recall learning
this kind of learning involves establishing a relationship between the two elements, where one element serves as a stimulus to the other which is the response.
Paired-associate learning
perceiving of current happenings, recalling previous experiences, thinking, reasoning, evaluating, and abstracting.
Cognitive learning
Defined as the extent to which original and previously learned information persists.
Memory
The process of reproducing past learning/experience without any clue
Recall
Denotes the ability to identify learned items that are familiar.
Recognition
Involves the recollection of past learning/experience with the presence of cues.
Reintegration
Simply refers to the reviewing of previous learning; the easiest
method of learning
Relearning
This step may be involuntary, for instance, when we hear a sound or we see something which makes an impression on us.
Perception
