natural toxins

Question 1

What is the difference between opportunistic pathogens and frank (true) pathogens?

Answer 1

Opportunistic pathogens do not cause disease in a healthy individual.

Question 2

Is it true that exotoxins are bacterial proteins?

Answer 2

true

Question 3

What is endotoxins composition?

Answer 3

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS)

Question 4

What is more toxic- exotoxins or endotoxins?

Answer 4

exotoxins

Question 5

What are toxoid vaccines?

Answer 5

They neutralize the toxic activity created by bacteria.

Question 6

What are the symptoms of SEB (Staphylococcal enterotoxin B) exposure?
What bacteria causes it?

Answer 6

the symptoms are similar to normal flu, chills, headache, sore throat and muscle pain.
Staphylococus aureus.

Question 7

What is Common contributor to food poisoning in humans (mayonnaise products, eggs,
confectionery?

Answer 7

staphylococcal enterotoxicosis

Question 8

When toxigenicity of diphtheria toxin occurs?
This toxin is produces by which bacteria?

Answer 8

occurs only when the bacillus is itself infected by a specific
virus carrying the genetic information for the toxin
Its produces by Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Question 9

Name 3 toxins?

Answer 9

diphtheria toxin,
botulinum toxin,
SEB (Staphylococcal enterotoxin B)

Question 10

What toxin has the biggest toxicity to the nervous system? Which bacteria produces it?

Answer 10

Botulinum toxin (Clostridium botulinum) -Block nerve functions and can lead to respiratory and muscular paralysis

Question 11

How can a person be infected by Clostridium tetani? How is its released toxin called?

Answer 11

it enters body through wound;
tetanospasmin- binds in central nervous system, Leads to muscle spasm.

Question 12

Name 2 neurotoxins?

Answer 12

tetanospasmin,
botulinum toxin (has biggest toxicity)

Question 13

What is Shiga toxin?

Answer 13

Its produced by Escherichia coli, causes gastrointestinal disease.

Question 14

How can we get intoxicated by cyanotoxins (produced by cyanobacteria)?

Answer 14

by touching or swimming in contaminated water (skin, eyes, throat irritation)

Question 15

What are mycotoxins? How are they toxic?

Answer 15

toxins produced by filamentous fungi (molds) growing on crops, grains, fruits in the fields or can appear during storage.

Question 16

How can a person get ergot poisoning?

Answer 16

When contaminated grains or foods made from them are consumed, the toxic alkaloids can cause neurological, gastrointestinal and blood vessel symptoms.

Question 17

What is the most common group of mycotoxins?

Answer 17

aflatoxins

Question 18

Are ergots mycotoxins?

Answer 18

yes they are

Question 19

What are common toxic effects of Poisonous mushrooms?

Answer 19

inflammation of the stomach and intestines,
hallucinations
liver toxicity

Question 20

What is one of the most poisonous mushrooms in the world?

Answer 20

Death cap

Question 21

What are the symptoms of poisoning of atropine?

Answer 21

dizziness, disorientation,
sometimes aggression
hallucinations
*Death due to failure of respiratory centre (a group of neural structures located in the brainstem responsible for regulating breathing)

Question 22

Which toxin is considered to be a ribosomal venom? What can it cause? How it can be exposed to human?

Answer 22

ricin, it blocks ribosomes physiological function.
Causes gastroenteritis, liver, kidney
and spleen damage (bluznis), death
Through: inhalation (powders), injections, mist or spray, contaminated food/water.

Question 23

From what animals we can get intoxicated?

Answer 23

insects, snakes