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Biology Paper 1 > Natural Selection and genetic modification > Flashcards

Natural Selection and genetic modification Flashcards

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1
Q

what happens during natural selection?

A

the alleles that are responsible for useful characteristics are passed on

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2
Q

Bacteria in natural selection

A

a resistant bacterium has better advantage of survival so it will live for longer and reproduce quicker to pass on the alleles. the none resistant bacterium will die

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3
Q

how does antibiotic resistance provide evidence for evolution?

A

the bacteria is better adapted to an environment and will become more common

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4
Q

what is a fossil?

A

any trace of an animal or plant that lived a long time ago

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5
Q

how do you know how old a rock is?

A

the deeper the rock, the older the fossil

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6
Q

what are hominids?

A

human beings and their ancestors

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7
Q

how old is Ardi?

A

4.4 million years old

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8
Q

where was Ardi found?

A

Ethiopia

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9
Q

what features did Ardi have?

A
  • ape like toe
  • structure of feet was like ape
  • long arms
  • short legs
  • brain size same as ape
  • legs showed she walked upright
  • hand bones show she didn’t use them to walk
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10
Q

how old is lucy?

A

3.2 million years old

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11
Q

where was lucy found?

A

Ethiopia

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12
Q

what features did lucy have?

A
  • arched feet
  • arms and legs length was between human and ape
  • brain was slightly larger
  • walked upright more efficiently
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13
Q

how old is Turkana Boy?

A

1.6 million years old

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14
Q

where was Turkana Boy found?

A

Kenya

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15
Q

what features did Turkana boy have?

A
  • short arms
  • long legs
  • brain size larger
  • better adapted to walking upright
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16
Q

how do you find out how old a stone tool is?

A
  • structural features
  • statigraphy ( study of rock layer)
  • often found with carbon containing material
17
Q

what are the five kingdom classification groups?

A 
animals 
plants 
fungi
prokaryotes 
protists
18
Q

what led to the three domain system?

A
  • technology developing
  • understanding of biochemical processes and genetics increased
  • can determine the sequence of DNA
19
Q

What is included in the three domain system?

A

archaea
bacteria
eukarya

20
Q

what is archaea?

A

similar to bacteria but different genetic sequences

21
Q

what is the process of selective breeding?

A
  • select the ones with best characteristics
  • breed together
  • select best offsprings and breed them
  • continue process over generations
22
Q

how is selective breeding useful?

A

animals with better characteristics
better crops and food
good for higher yields
medical research

23
Q

disadvantages of selective breeding

A
  • reduces gene pool
  • health’s problems
  • ethical considerations
  • new diseases appear
24
Q

what is genetic engineering?

A

modifying an organisms genome to introduce desirable features

25
Q

restriction enzymes

A

cuts DNA to leave sticky pieces

26
Q

ligase enzymes

A

join two pieces of DNA together

27
Q

Recombinant DNA

A

two different bits of DNA stuff together

28
Q

what is a vector?

A

something that is used to transfer DNA to cell

29
Q

what is plasmid DNA?

A

small circular molecules of DNA that can be transferred between bacteria

30
Q

what is a virus?

A

inserts DNA into organisms they infect

31
Q

how does genetic engineering work?

A
  • DNA cut out with restriction enzymes
  • Vector DNA cut open with restricted enzymes
  • Both left with sticky ends and mixed together with ligase enzymes
  • ligase enzyme joins them together to make a recombinant DNA
  • DNA inserted into other cell
  • can now make protein you want
32
Q

What is genetic engineering used for?

A

genetically modified to be resistant to herbicides
increases crop yield
bacteria can produce human insulin

33
Q

disadvantages of genetic engineering

A

don’t know what will happen to the organism
health problems
embryos don’t survive
transplanted genes may get out in environment
affect food chains and crops

Biology Paper 1 (5 decks)

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