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Biology Paper 1 > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is sexual reproduction?

A

genetic information from two organisms are combined to produce offspring which are genetically different

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2
Q

what type of nucleus does a gamete have?

A

haploid

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3
Q

what is a zygote?

A

a fertilised egg

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4
Q

Division one

A
  • duplicates it’s DNA
  • chromosomes line up at centre
  • pairs are pulled apart so have one copy
  • genes are mixed to create genetic variation
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5
Q

Division two

A
  • chromosomes line up again

- chromosomes are pulled apart

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6
Q

what does meiosis produce?

A

four haploid daughter cells

genetically different

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7
Q

what makes up a nucleotide?

A

one sugar molecule
one phosphate molecule
one base

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8
Q

what is the structure of DNA?

A

two strands coiled together to make a double helix

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9
Q

what bonds does DNA have?

A

weak hydrogen bonds

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10
Q

where are chromosomes found?

A

in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells

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11
Q

what is a gene?

A

section of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a particular protein

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12
Q

what does the detergent do?

A

breaks down cell membrane

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13
Q

what does the salt do?

A

makes the DNA stick together

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14
Q

what does the ethanol do?

A

sticks DNA together to form stringy white precipitate

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15
Q

what are alleles?

A

different versions of the same gene

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16
Q

what does homozygous mean?

A

the same

17
Q

what does heterozygous mean?

A

different

18
Q

what is genotype?

A

combination of alleles

19
Q

what is phenotype?

A

physical characteristics

20
Q

what is mono hybrid inheritance?

A

inherit a single characteristic

21
Q

what chromosomes does a male have?

A

X and Y

22
Q

what chromosomes does a female have?

A

X and X

23
Q

which gamete determines the sex of a child?

A

the male gamete

24
Q

what causes genetic variation?

A

organisms having different alleles

25
Q

how does sexual reproduction cause genetic variation?

A

because alleles are being combined in lots of different ways

26
Q

what is a mutation ?

A

a change in a sequence of DNA

27
Q

Benefits of human genome

A
  • know what caused diseases so can make specific cures
  • identify what gene is causing disease quicker so people can be tested
  • design new drugs
  • identify if people will respond to drug
28
Q

Negatives of human genome

A
  • increased stress as know what disease they may have
  • under pressure to not have kids
  • life insurance impossible to get or more expensive
  • employers may be discriminated against

Biology Paper 1 (5 decks)

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