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Biology Paper 1 > Cells and control > Flashcards

Cells and control Flashcards

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1
Q

what is mitosis used for?

A

growth and repair of cells

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2
Q

Interphase

A

cell grows
increases amount of subcelluclar structures
DNA duplicates and copied

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3
Q

prophase

A

chromosomes condense
membrane around nucleus breaks down
chromosomes lie free in cytoplasm

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4
Q

metaphase

A

chromosomes line up at centre of cell

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5
Q

anaphase

A

cell fibres pull chromosomes apart

two arms go to opposite ends of cell

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6
Q

telophase

A

membranes form around each set of chromosomes

nucleus divides to become nuclei

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7
Q

cytokinesis

A

cytoplasm and cell membrane divide to form two separate cells

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8
Q

what does mitosis produce?

A

two new daughter cells

genetically identical diploid cells

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9
Q

how to calculate number of cells after divisions

A

2 to the power of n

n = number of divisions

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10
Q

what is cell differentiation?

A

process by which a cell changes to become specialised for its job so it can work more efficiently

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11
Q

what is cell elongation?

A

a plant cell expands making the cell bigger so the plant can grow

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12
Q

growth in animals

A

cells divide at fast rate when are young to grow

adults use cell division for repair and replace damaged cells

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13
Q

where does cell division occur in plants?

A

tip of roots and shoots

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14
Q

how is cancer made?

A

uncontrolled cell division which makes abnormal cells called a tumour which invades and destroys tissues

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15
Q

what are stem cells?

A

undifferentiated cells

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16
Q

what can stem cells do?

A

divide and produce any type of cell

17
Q

Where are stem cells found ?

A

human embryos

bone marrow in adults

18
Q

what are stem cells used for in adults?

A

to repair and replace damaged cells

19
Q

what are meristems?

A

plant tissues where cells that divide by mitosis are found

20
Q

what do meristems do?

A

produce unspecialised cells that can form any cell for as long as a plant lives

21
Q

How are stem cells used in medicine?

A

adult stem cells cure some diseases
create specialised cells to replace those that are damaged
new cures for diseases

22
Q

risks of stem cells

A

divide very quickly leading to a tumour if can’t be controlled
if they are infected with a virus it could be passed on without knowing
the body could reject them as seen as foreign cells and trigger immune system to get rid
ethical issues

23
Q

sensory receptors

A

groups of cells that can detect a change in your environment

24
Q

what happens with a stimulus is detected?

A

information is converted to a nervous electrical impulse and sent along sensory neurone to the CNS

25
Q

What does the CNS do when it has received the stimulus?

A

co-ordinates the response and impulses travel through the CNS along relay neurones
- sends info to effector sling motor neurone and effector responds accordingly

26
Q

what is reaction time?

A

time it takes to respond to a stimulus

27
Q

what do dendrites and dendrons do?

A

carry nerve impulses towards the cell body

28
Q

what do axons do?

A

carry nerve impulses away from the cell body

29
Q

what is a myelin sheath?

A

electrical insulator surrounding an a on which speeds up the electrical impulse

30
Q

how is it an advantage if a neurone is long?

A

speed up the impulse as quicker than travelling across two neurones

31
Q

sensory neurone

A

one long dendron carrying nerve impulses from receptor cells to the cell body which is located in the middle of the neurone
- one short axon carries nerve impulses to CNS

32
Q

motor neurone

A

many short dendrites carry nerve impulses from CNS to cell body

  • one long axon carries nerve impulses to effector cells
  • myelin sheath
33
Q

relay neurone

A

many short dendrites carry nerve impulses from sensory neurones to cell body
- an axon carries never impulses to motor neurones

34
Q

what is a synapse?

A

the connection between two neurones

35
Q

what are neurotransmitters and what do they do?

A

nerve signal that transfers chemicals and diffusers across the gaps
set off new electrical signals in next neurone

36
Q

why does a transmission of nerve impulses slow down?

A

because the diffusion of neurotransmitters across a gap takes time

37
Q

what are reflex’s?

A

automatic rapid responses to a stimulus

38
Q

what is a reflex arc?

A

reflex from receptor to effector

39
Q

how does a reflex prevent injury?

A

1- simulation of the pain receptor
2- impulses travel along sensory neurone
3- impulses passed through relay neurone via a synapse
4- impulses travel along a motor neurone via a synapse
5- when impulse reaches muscle it contracts

Biology Paper 1 (5 decks)

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