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Biology Paper 1 > Key concepts of Biology > Flashcards

Key concepts of Biology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are Eukaryotic cells?

A

complex cells such as animal and plant

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2
Q

Prokaryotic Cells

A

small and simple such as bacteria cells

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3
Q

what does an animal cell contain?

A 
nucleus 
cytoplasm 
cell membrane 
mitochondria 
ribosomes
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4
Q

Nucleus function

A

controls the activities of the cell

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5
Q

cytoplasm function

A

chemical reactions take place here due to enzymes

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6
Q

cell membrane function

A

controls what goes in and out

holds the cell together

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7
Q

mitochondria function

A

respiration reactions take place here

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8
Q

ribosomes function

A

protein synthesis

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9
Q

what does a plant cell contain?

A 
nucleus 
cytoplasm 
cell membrane 
mitochondria 
ribosomes 
cell wall
large vacuole 
chloroplasts
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10
Q

Cell wall function

A

supports cell and strengthens it

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11
Q

vacuole function

A

contains cell sap

maintains the internal pressure to support cell

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12
Q

chloroplasts function

A

photosynthesis occurs

contain chlorophyll

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13
Q

what does a bacteria cell contain?

A 
chromosomal DNA 
ribosomes
cell membrane 
plasmid DNA 
flagellum
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14
Q

Chromosomal DNA function

A

controls cells activities and replication

located in cytoplasm

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15
Q

Plasmid DNA function

A

extra DNA which contain genes for drug resistance

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16
Q

flagellum function

A

rotates to make the bacteria move

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17
Q

what are specialised cells?

A

cells that have a structure which makes them adapted to their function

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18
Q

what is the function of an egg cell?

A

to carry female DMA and to nourish the developing embryo

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19
Q

how is an egg adapted to its function?

A
  • nutrients in cytoplasm to feed embryo
  • haploid nucleus
  • changes structure so no more fertilisation
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20
Q

how is a sperm cell adapted to its functions?

A
  • long tail so can swim to egg
  • mitochondria to provide energy
  • acromsome to store enzymes to get through membrane of egg
  • haploid nucleus
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21
Q

what are ciliated epithelial cells specialised for?

A

moving materials such a mucus

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22
Q

what is resolution?

A

how well a microscope distinguished between two points that are close together

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23
Q

what does a higher resolution mean?

A

the image will be seen more clearly and in more detail

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24
Q

advantages of light microscopes

A

study living things

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25
Q

advantages of electron microscopes

A

higher magnification and resolution

see smaller things in detail

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26
Q

Equipment needed to view a specimen

A 
clean slide 
pipette 
tweezers 
cover slip 
mounted needle
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27
Q

Step one of practical

A

take a clean slide and place one drop of water using pipette in middle and place specimen onto slide with tweezers

28
Q

step two

A

add a drop of stain so it is easier to see

29
Q

step three

A

place a cover slip at one end of the specimen holding it at an angle with a mounted needle and lower onto slide and clip onto stage making sure there are no air bubble

30
Q

step five

A

select lowest powered objective lens

31
Q

step six

A

adjust the focus with fine adjustment knob and measure diameter with ruler

32
Q

what is magnification?

A

how many times bigger the image is

33
Q

total magnification equation

A

eyepiece lens magnification * objective lens magnifications

34
Q

magnification equation

A

image size / real size

35
Q

what are enzymes?

A

biological catalysts that speed up the rate of reactions without being changed or used up

36
Q

what is a substrate?

A

the molecules changed in the reaction

37
Q

what is the lock and key theory?

A

an enzymes active site fits perfectly with the substrate to catalyse a reaction

38
Q

how does temperature effect the reaction?

A

higher temp speed is the reaction until it gets too hot and the bonds are broken which changes the shape of the active site and then enzymes denature

39
Q

how does ph effect the reaction?

A

enzymes have an optimum ph so if the ph is too low or high then the bonds will break and the enzyme denatures as the active site changes shape

40
Q

how does concentration effect the reaction?

A

the higher the concentration the faster the reaction as it is more likely to meet with substrate, this happens until a certain point as it has all been used up

41
Q

what does amylase break down?

A

starch to maltose

42
Q

how to detect starch and what colour it will go to

A

iodine solution

browny orange to blue black

43
Q

what is rate ?

A

measure of how much something has changed over time

44
Q

rate of reaction formula

A

1000 / time

45
Q

calculate the rate of reaction

A

amount that it has changed / time taken

46
Q

what do digestive enzymes do?

A

break down food molecules so they can pass through walls of digestive system to be absorbed into bloodstream

47
Q

carbohydrases

A

converts carbohydrates into simple sugars

48
Q

proteases

A

converts proteins into amino acids

49
Q

lipases

A

converts lipids into glycerol and fatty acids

50
Q

what is glycogen synthase?

A

joins together chains of glucose molecules to make glycogen

51
Q

how are proteins made?

A

joining of amino acids

52
Q

how are carbohydrates made?

A

joining together simple sugars

53
Q

what is diffusion?

A

movement of particles from a high concentration to a low concentration

54
Q

what substance does diffusion happen in?

A

liquids and gases

55
Q

why does it happen in these substances?

A

the particles are free to move about randomly

56
Q

what is osmosis?

A

movement of water particles across a semi permeable membrane from a high water concentration to a low water concentration

57
Q

what is a partially permeable membrane?

A

a membrane with very small holes in so only tiny molecules can pass through such as water

58
Q

why does water pass through both ways?

A

because water particles move about freely

59
Q

what is active transport?

A

movement of particles across a membrane from an area of low concentration to high concentration using energy

60
Q

how to calculate percentage change

A

final mass - initial mass / initial mass * 100

61
Q

if your results are positive what does it mean?

A

the potato chip gained mass

62
Q

Investigation osmosis experiment

A

cut potatoes all of same size
measure the mass of each potato
place in different concentrations of sucrose solutions and leave for 40 mins
remove and pat dry to get an accurate measurement of their final masses
weigh again

63
Q

what do you change in the experiment?

A

the sucrose solution concentration

64
Q

what is the control variable?

A

something that remains unchanged

65
Q

what is the independent variable?

A

what is being changed or controlled

66
Q

what is the dependant variable?

A

something that your are measuring

Biology Paper 1 (5 decks)

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