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Environmental Management IGCSE > Natural Ecosystems and Human Activities > Flashcards

Natural Ecosystems and Human Activities Flashcards

1
Q

What is an ecosystem?

A

It is all things living and non-living in an area.

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2
Q

What is a habitat?

A

A place in an ecosystem where an organism lives.

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3
Q

What is a niche?

A

The role of a species within an ecosystem.

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4
Q

Food chain:

A

Diagram showing the relationship between one producer, primary, secondary, and tertiary consumers.

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5
Q

Food web:

A

Diagram showing the relationship between all(most) producers, primary, secondary, and tertiary consumers.

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6
Q

Trophic level:

A

Feeding level within a food web or chain.

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7
Q

Biotic:

A

Living.

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8
Q

Abiotic:

A

Non-living.

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9
Q

Biotic factors:

A

*producers.
*primary consumers.
*secondary consumers.
*tertiary consumers.
*decomposers.

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10
Q

Abiotic factors:

A

*temperature.
*humidity.
*water.
*oxygen.
*salinity.
*light.
*pH.

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11
Q

What is brackish water?

A

Water that is salty but not as salty as seawater.

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12
Q

Photosynthesis:

A

Carbon Dioxide + Water–>Light+chlorophyll—-> Glucose + Oxygen + Water.

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12
Q

What makes plants green?

A

Chlorophyll.

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13
Q

Respiration:

A

Process where living things release energy from food to carry out the process of life.

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14
Q

Predation:

A

One animal eats another.

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15
Q

Process of pollination:

A

Pollinator(bee) is attracted to a flower and gets covered in pollen grains from the anther, then flies to another flower and fuses the ovule with the pollen.

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16
Q

The carbon cycle includes:

A

*sunlight–> photosynthesis.
*animal respiration.
*plant respiration.
*root respiration.
*plant decay.
*animal decay.
*ocean uptake.
*organic carbon.
*auto/factory emissions.

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17
Q

Importance of wetlands:

A

*shoreline protection.
*maintenance of water quality.
*flood control.
*habitats.
*refilling of aquifers.
*biological productivity.
*source of variety.

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18
Q

Causes of habitat loss:

A

*wetland drainage.
*intensive agriculture.
*deforestation.
*loss of biodiversity.
*genetic depletion.

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19
Q

Climax community:

A

Ecological community where populations of animals and plants remain stable with each other and the environment.

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20
Q

Impacts of habitat loss:

A

*extinction.
*genetic depletion.
*biodiversity loss.

21
Q

Genetic depletion:

A

Loss of a species with potentially useful genes.

22
Q

Causes of deforestation:

A

*clearing land.
*timber.
*lumber.
*farming.
*rock/mineral extraction.

23
Q

Impacts of deforestation:

A

*climate change.
*desertification.
*soil erosion.
*habitat loss.
*rise in CO2
*greenhouse gas.
*loss of biodiversity.
*genetic depletion.

24
Q

Types of sampling:

A

*Random sampling: using random tables or random selection.
*systematic sampling: using transects or pre-determined patterns.

25
Q

When to use the types of sampling:

A

*random: used to compare two areas.
*systematic: used to check species change in a area in an environment.

26
Q

Quadrat:

A

A frame placed on a part of a site to be sampled.

27
Q

Transect:

A

A sampling method where sampling devices are laid out in a straight line across an area.

28
Q

Pitfall traps:

A

A small trap with a lid that traps small insects.

29
Q

Quadrat advantages:

A

*quick.
*inexpensive.
*portable.

30
Q

Quadrat disadvantages:

A

*not always accurate.
*unintenionally biased.

31
Q

Transect advantages:

A

*quick.
*inexpensive.
*portable.

32
Q

Transect disadvantages:

A

*used in inappropriately.

33
Q

Pitfall trap advantages:

A

*inexpensive.
*easy to set up and use.

34
Q

Pitfall trap disadvantages:

A

*oversampling/undersampling.
*often kills organisms captured.

35
Q

National parks:

A

Area of land protected by the government to preserve an entire ecosystem.

36
Q

Wildlife corridor:

A

Link of wildlife(generally native) joining two wildlife habitats.

37
Q

Extractive reserves:

A

Area of land(generally state-owned) where access and use rights are allocated to local groups.

38
Q

Secondary metabolites:

A

Organic compounds produced by bacteria, fungi, or plants involved with normal growth, development, or reproduction of the organism.

39
Q

Sustainable forestry:

A

*selective logging.
*agroforestry.
*alley cropping.

40
Q

Agroforestry:

A

Land management system where crops are grown along trees.

41
Q

What is selective logging?

A

Removal of only mature trees of species that are vulnerable. Allowing forests to repair overtime.

42
Q

Biosphere reserves:

A

An ecosystem with plants and animals of unusual scientific and natural interest.

42
Q

What is alley cropping:

A

Planting rows of trees in wide spacings with companion crops grown in between the rows.

43
Q

Plan of biosphere reserves:

A

Plan to promote management, research, and education in ecosystem conservation.

44
Q

Advantages of biosphere reserves:

A

*recognised internationally.
*attracts funding and support.

45
Q

Form of biosphere reserves:

A

*core area: ecosystems that need protection.
*buffer zone: research along with tourism and education.
*transition zone: local communities and conservation organisations work together to benefit the area.

46
Q

Seed banks:

A

Stores seeds to preserve genetic diversity where it’s not possible to protect the area.

47
Q

Ways to reduce inbreeding:

A

*organisms aren’t allowed to breed repeatedly with the same partner.
*in-vitro fertilisation.
*inter-zoo swapping of organisms.
*using database to record breeding history.

48
Q

Roles of zoos and captive breeding:

A

*provides education.
*involved in scientific research.
*increases species numbers.
*reduces extinction risk.
*try maintaining genetic biodiversity.

Environmental Management IGCSE (10 decks)

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