nationalism

Question 1

nationalism

Answer 1

is a complex, multidimensional concept involving a shared communal identification with one’s nation. It is contrasted by Anti-nationalism as a political ideology oriented towards gaining and maintaining self-governance, or full sovereignty, over a territory of historical significance to the group.

Question 2

Risorgimento

Answer 2

a movement for the unification and independence of Italy, which was achieved in 1870.

Question 3

young Italy movement

Answer 3

Young Italy (Italian: La Giovine Italia) was a political movement founded in 1831 by Giuseppe Mazzini. The goal of this movement was to create a united Italian republic through promoting a general insurrection in the Italian reactionary states and in the lands occupied by the Austrian Empire

Question 4

Giuseppe Mazzini

Answer 4

Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian politician, journalist and activist for the unification of Italy and spearheaded the Italian revolutionary movement.

Question 5

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Answer 5

was an Italian general, politician and nationalist who played a large role in the history of Italy.

Question 6

Liberals

Answer 6

is a political philosophy or worldview founded on ideas of liberty and equality. The former principle is stressed in classical liberalism while the latter is more evident in social liberalism.

Question 7

unification

Answer 7

the process of being united or made into a whole

Question 8

otto vow Bismarch

Answer 8

Otto Eduard Leopold, Prince of Bismarck, Duke of Lauenburg, known as Otto von Bismarck, was a conservative Prussian statesman who dominated German and European affairs from the 1860s until 1890. In the 1860s, he engineered a series of wars that unified the German states, significantly and deliberately excluding Austria, into a powerful German Empire under Prussian leadership.

Question 9

kaiser

Answer 9

Kaiser Permanente is an integrated managed care consortium, based in Oakland, California, United States, founded in 1945 by industrialist Henry J.

Question 10

The zollverein

Answer 10

The Zollverein or German Customs Union was a coalition of German states formed to manage tariffs and economic policies within their territories.

Question 11

The Junkers

Answer 11

Junker is a noble honorific, derived from Middle High German Juncherre, meaning “young nobleman” or otherwise “young lord”. The term is traditionally used throughout the German-speaking, Dutch-speaking and Scandinavian-speaking parts of Europe..

Question 12

Franco Prussian war

Answer 12

The Franco-Prussian War or Franco-German War, often referred to in France as the War of 1870, was a conflict between the Second French Empire of Napoleon III and the German states of the North German Confederation led by the Kingdom of Prussia. The conflict was caused by Prussian ambitions to extend German unification and French fears of the shift in the European balance of power that would result if the Prussians succeeded.

Question 13

Real politik

Answer 13

Realpolitik is politics or diplomacy based primarily on considerations of given circumstances and factors, rather than explicit ideological notions or moral or ethical premises. In this respect, it shares aspects of its philosophical approach with those of realism and pragmatism. It is often simply referred to as “pragmatism” in politics, e.g. ‘pursuing pragmatic policies’ (Singapore).

Question 14

Crar Alexander II

Answer 14

Alexander II was the Emperor of Russia from 2 March 1855 until his assassination in 1881. He was also the King of Poland and the Grand Duke of Finland.

Question 15

Emmancipation

Answer 15

the fact or process of being set free from legal, social, or political restrictions; liberation:

Question 16

serfs

Answer 16

an agricultural laborer bound under the feudal system to work on his lord’s estate.

Question 17

Social Democratic Party

Answer 17

The name Social Democratic Party or Social Democrats has been used by a large number of political parties in various countries around the world. Such parties are most commonly aligned to social democracy as their political ideology.

Question 18

Autocrat

Answer 18

a ruler who has absolute power.

Question 19

pograms

Answer 19

an organized massacre of a particular ethnic group, in particular that of Jews in Russia or eastern Europe.

Question 20

Nihilists

Answer 20

Nihilism is a philosophical doctrine that suggests the lack of belief in one or more reputedly meaningful aspects of life. Most commonly, nihilism is presented in the form of existential nihilism, which argues that life is without objective meaning, purpose, or intrinsic value.

Question 21

Duma

Answer 21

The Duma were council assemblies that were created by Czar Nicholas II. It is a form of Russian governmental institution that was formed during the reign of the last Czar, Nicholas II. It is also the term for a council to early Russian rulers (Boyar Duma), as well as for city councils in Imperial Russia (‘Municipal dumas’), and city and regional legislative bodies in the Russian Federation.

Question 22

Tanzimat Reforms

Answer 22

Tanzimat, (Turkish: “Reorganization”), series of reforms promulgated in the Ottoman Empire between 1839 and 1876 under the reigns of the sultans Abdülmecid I and Abdülaziz.

Question 23

dual Monarchy

Answer 23

Dual monarchy occurs when two separate kingdoms are ruled by the same monarch, follow the same foreign policy, exist in a customs union with each other and have a combined military but are otherwise self-governing. The term is typically used to refer to Austria–Hungary, a dual monarchy that existed from 1867 to 1918.

Question 24

Balkan League

Answer 24

The Balkan League was an alliance formed by a series of bilateral treaties concluded in 1912 between the Balkan states of Greece, Bulgaria, Serbia and Montenegro, and directed against the Ottoman Empire, which at the time still controlled much of the Balkan peninsula. The Balkans had been in a state of turmoil since the early 1900s, with years of guerrilla warfare in Macedonia followed by the Young Turk Revolution and the protracted Bosnian Crisis.

Question 25

Crimean war

Answer 25

The Crimean War was a military conflict fought from October 1853 to March 1856 in which the Russian Empire lost to an alliance of France, Britain, the Ottoman Empire, and Sardinia.

Question 26

Treaty of Sanstefano

Answer 26

The Preliminary Treaty of San Stefano was a treaty between Russia and the Ottoman Empire signed at San Stefano, then a village west of Constantinople, on 3 March 1878, by Count Nicholas Pavlovich Ignatiev and Aleksandr Nelidov on behalf of the Russian Empire and Foreign Minister Safvet Pasha and Ambassador to Germany Sadoullah Bey on behalf of the Ottoman Empire.

Question 27

Militarism

Answer 27

the belief or desire of a government or people that a country should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests.

Question 28

Triple Entente

Answer 28

The Triple Entente was the alliance linking the Russian Empire, the French Third Republic, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland after the signing of the Anglo-Russian Entente on 31 August 1907.

Question 29

alliance system

Answer 29

The definition of an alliance system is a formal agreement or treaty between two or more nations to cooperate for specific purposes. An alliance system can also be defined as an agreement between individuals, families or corporations. However, the term alliance system is most often used in reference to a historical event when an agreement was reached to prevent the outbreak of war or to define territorial borders.

Question 30

triple alliance

Answer 30

The Triple Alliance was a military alliance among Germany, Austria–Hungary, and Italy. It lasted from 20 May 1882 until World War I in 1914. Each member promised mutual support in the event of an attack by any other great power, or, in the case of Germany and Italy, an attack by France alone.

Question 31

Reich stag

Answer 31

The Reichstag building is a historical edifice in Berlin, Germany, constructed to house the Imperial Diet, of the German Empire. It was opened in 1894 and housed the Diet until 1933, when it was severely damaged after it was set on fire.

Question 32

Treaty of Prague

Answer 32

For the settlement ending the Austro-Prussian War, see Peace of Prague (1866). The Peace of Prague of 30 May 1635 was a treaty between the Habsburg Emperor Ferdinand II and the Electorate of Saxony representing most of the Protestant states of the Holy Roman Empire.

Question 33

Francis Joseph I

Answer 33

Franz Joseph I or Francis Joseph I was Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary, and many others from 2 December 1848 until his death on 21 November 1916. From 1 May 1850 to 24 August 1866 he was also President of the German Confederation.

Question 34

Revolution of 1905

Answer 34

The Revolution of 1905 was a wave of mass political and social unrest that spread through vast areas of the Russian Empire, some of which was directed at the government. It included worker strikes, peasant unrest, and military mutinies.

Question 35

Mobilization

Answer 35

Mobilization is the act of assembling and making both troops and supplies ready for war. The word mobilization was first used, in a military context, in order to describe the preparation of the Russian army during the 1850s and 1860s. Mobilization theories and techniques have continuously changed since then. The opposite of mobilization is demobilization.