12to28 Flashcards
sheik
Also, shaikh, sheikh. (in Islamic countries) the patriarch of a tribe or family; chief: a term of polite address.
Quran
koran
islam
the religious faith of Muslims, based on the words and religious system founded by the prophet Muhammad and taught by the Koran, the basic principle of which is absolute submission to a unique and personal god, Allah.
hijab
a traditional scarf worn by Muslim women to cover the hair and neck and sometimes the face.
haj
the pilgrimage to Mecca, which every adult Muslim is supposed to make at least once in his or her lifetime: the fifth of the Pillars of Islam.
Bedouin
an Arab of the desert, in Asia or Africa; nomadic Arab.
jihad
a holy war undertaken as a sacred duty by Muslims.
2.
any vigorous, emotional crusade for an idea or principle.
mosque
a Muslim temple or place of public worship.
muhammad
(“the Conqueror”) 1430–81, sultan of Turkey 1451–81: conqueror of Constantinople 1453.
abu Bakr
a.d. 573–634, Muhammad’s father-in-law and successor: first caliph of Mecca 632–634.
mu awiyah
To stop the Byzantine harassment from the sea, Muawiyah developed a navy in the Levant and used it to confront the Byzantine Empire in the Aegean Sea and the Sea of Marmara. The Caliphate conquered several territories including Cyzicus which were subsequently used as naval bases.[4]
sunni
Also called Sunnite. a member of one of the two great religious divisions of Islam, regarding the first four caliphs as legitimate successors of Muhammad and stressing the importance of Sunna as a basis for law.
Compare Shiʿite.
shiite
a member of one of the two great religious divisions of Islam that regards Ali, the son-in-law of Muhammad, as the legitimate successor of Muhammad, and disregards the three caliphs who succeeded him.
caliph
any of the former Muslim rulers of Baghdad (until 1258) and of the Ottoman Empire (from 1571 until 1924)
the moors
a member of a northwestern African Muslim people of mixed Berber and Arab descent. In the 8th century they conquered the Iberian peninsula, but were finally driven out of their last stronghold in Granada at the end of the 15th century.
astrolabe
an astronomical instrument for taking the altitude of the sun or stars and for the solution of other problems in astronomy and navigation: used by Greek astronomers from about 200 b.c. and by Arab astronomers from the Middle Ages until superseded by the sextant.
mecca
Also, Makkah, Mekka. a city in and the capital of Hejaz, in W Saudi Arabia: birthplace of Muhammad; spiritual center of Islam.
medina
the old Arab quarter of a North African city.
the five pillars
the five duties expected of every Muslim: profession of the faith in a prescribed form, observance of ritual prayer, giving alms to the poor, fasting during the month of Ramadan, and performing a pilgrimage to Mecca. See hajj, salat, sawm, shahada, and zakat.
kadijah
an island in the N Pacific, near the base of the Alaska Peninsula. 100 miles (160 km) long.
Hadith
Islam. a traditional account of things said or done by Muhammad or his companions.
ulama
the doctors of Muslim religion and law.
caliphate
the rank, jurisdiction, or government of a caliph.
ummayad
1.
a member of the dynasty that ruled at Damascus a.d. 661–750, claiming descent from Omayya, cousin of the grandfather of Muhammad the Prophet.
2.
a member of the dynasty of caliphs that ruled in southern Spain, a.d. 756–1031: related to the Damascus dynasty.
abbasid
a member of a dynasty of caliphs ruling at Baghdad, a.d. 750–1258, governing most of the Islamic world and claiming descent from Abbas, uncle of Muhammad.
baghdad
a city in and the capital of Iraq, in the central part, on the Tigris.
dowry
Also, dower. the money, goods, or estate that a wife brings to her husband at marriage.
harem
an island in the N Pacific, near the base of the Alaska Peninsula. 100 miles (160 km) long.
translation movement
The Translation Movement was a movement started in the House of Wisdom in Baghdad which translated many Greek classics into Arabic. The relationship between the early period of Islamic mathematics and the mathematics of Greece and India is not fully understood as much work is extant only in Latin translations or has not survived.
