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Question 1

sheik

Answer 1

Also, shaikh, sheikh. (in Islamic countries) the patriarch of a tribe or family; chief: a term of polite address.

Question 2

Quran

Answer 2

koran

Question 3

islam

Answer 3

the religious faith of Muslims, based on the words and religious system founded by the prophet Muhammad and taught by the Koran, the basic principle of which is absolute submission to a unique and personal god, Allah.

Question 4

hijab

Answer 4

a traditional scarf worn by Muslim women to cover the hair and neck and sometimes the face.

Question 5

haj

Answer 5

the pilgrimage to Mecca, which every adult Muslim is supposed to make at least once in his or her lifetime: the fifth of the Pillars of Islam.

Question 6

Bedouin

Answer 6

an Arab of the desert, in Asia or Africa; nomadic Arab.

Question 7

jihad

Answer 7

a holy war undertaken as a sacred duty by Muslims.
2.
any vigorous, emotional crusade for an idea or principle.

Question 8

mosque

Answer 8

a Muslim temple or place of public worship.

Question 9

muhammad

Answer 9

(“the Conqueror”) 1430–81, sultan of Turkey 1451–81: conqueror of Constantinople 1453.

Question 10

abu Bakr

Answer 10

a.d. 573–634, Muhammad’s father-in-law and successor: first caliph of Mecca 632–634.

Question 11

mu awiyah

Answer 11

To stop the Byzantine harassment from the sea, Muawiyah developed a navy in the Levant and used it to confront the Byzantine Empire in the Aegean Sea and the Sea of Marmara. The Caliphate conquered several territories including Cyzicus which were subsequently used as naval bases.[4]

Question 12

sunni

Answer 12

Also called Sunnite. a member of one of the two great religious divisions of Islam, regarding the first four caliphs as legitimate successors of Muhammad and stressing the importance of Sunna as a basis for law.
Compare Shiʿite.

Question 13

shiite

Answer 13

a member of one of the two great religious divisions of Islam that regards Ali, the son-in-law of Muhammad, as the legitimate successor of Muhammad, and disregards the three caliphs who succeeded him.

Question 14

caliph

Answer 14

any of the former Muslim rulers of Baghdad (until 1258) and of the Ottoman Empire (from 1571 until 1924)

Question 15

the moors

Answer 15

a member of a northwestern African Muslim people of mixed Berber and Arab descent. In the 8th century they conquered the Iberian peninsula, but were finally driven out of their last stronghold in Granada at the end of the 15th century.

Question 16

astrolabe

Answer 16

an astronomical instrument for taking the altitude of the sun or stars and for the solution of other problems in astronomy and navigation: used by Greek astronomers from about 200 b.c. and by Arab astronomers from the Middle Ages until superseded by the sextant.

Question 17

mecca

Answer 17

Also, Makkah, Mekka. a city in and the capital of Hejaz, in W Saudi Arabia: birthplace of Muhammad; spiritual center of Islam.

Question 18

medina

Answer 18

the old Arab quarter of a North African city.

Question 19

the five pillars

Answer 19

the five duties expected of every Muslim: profession of the faith in a prescribed form, observance of ritual prayer, giving alms to the poor, fasting during the month of Ramadan, and performing a pilgrimage to Mecca. See hajj, salat, sawm, shahada, and zakat.

Question 20

kadijah

Answer 20

an island in the N Pacific, near the base of the Alaska Peninsula. 100 miles (160 km) long.

Question 21

Hadith

Answer 21

Islam. a traditional account of things said or done by Muhammad or his companions.

Question 22

ulama

Answer 22

the doctors of Muslim religion and law.

Question 23

caliphate

Answer 23

the rank, jurisdiction, or government of a caliph.

Question 24

ummayad

Answer 24

1.
a member of the dynasty that ruled at Damascus a.d. 661–750, claiming descent from Omayya, cousin of the grandfather of Muhammad the Prophet.
2.
a member of the dynasty of caliphs that ruled in southern Spain, a.d. 756–1031: related to the Damascus dynasty.

Question 25

abbasid

Answer 25

a member of a dynasty of caliphs ruling at Baghdad, a.d. 750–1258, governing most of the Islamic world and claiming descent from Abbas, uncle of Muhammad.

Question 26

baghdad

Answer 26

a city in and the capital of Iraq, in the central part, on the Tigris.

Question 27

dowry

Answer 27

Also, dower. the money, goods, or estate that a wife brings to her husband at marriage.

Question 28

harem

Answer 28

an island in the N Pacific, near the base of the Alaska Peninsula. 100 miles (160 km) long.

Question 29

translation movement

Answer 29

The Translation Movement was a movement started in the House of Wisdom in Baghdad which translated many Greek classics into Arabic. The relationship between the early period of Islamic mathematics and the mathematics of Greece and India is not fully understood as much work is extant only in Latin translations or has not survived.