NASM CPT CH.2 (video notes plus NASM study guide) Flashcards by lesa smith

3 components of the Human Movement System

Nervous, Muscular and Skeletal

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What is the communication center of the body?

Nervous System

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Nervous system is broken down into 2 branches - they are:

Central and Peripheral

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Central Nervous System is comprised of

brain and spinal cord - primary decision maker

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Peripheral Nervous System’s function is

carryout actions to the effector sites

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What is the most basic unit of the nervous system?

neuron

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3 types of neurons

sensory, interneuron and motor

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transmit from 1 neuron to another

interneuron

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afferent - signal from sites to the brain

sensory

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signals that go from brain to the effector sites

motor - efferent

(remember “effector - effect”)

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3 types of mechanoreceptors

GTOs, Muscle Spindles and Joint Receptors

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sense TENsion and pressure in the muscle and tell it to relax to avoid injury

GTOs

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what is the outer layer of connective tissue?

epimysium

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receptors that sense motion, acceleration and deceleration

joint receptors

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contracts on bones to create joint movement

skeletal muscle - skeletal system is for shape/form and to protect and support

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Muscles function as 1 of 4 styles - name them

agonist, synergist, antagonist or stabilizer

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bones function

leverage and support

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Muscular system’s primary function

commands the skeletal system to move

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Name agonist, synergist, antagonist and stabilizer for the chest press

agonist - pec major
synergist - anterior deltoid, tricep
stabilizer - rotator cuff
antagonist - posterior deltoid

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Name agonist, synergist, antagonist and stabilizer for the overhead press

agonist - deltoid
synergist - triceps
stabilizer - rotator cuff
antagonist - lat dorsi

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Name agonist, synergist, antagonist and stabilizer for the row

agonist - lat dorsi
synergist - posterior deltoid, biceps
stabilizer - rotator cuff
antagonist - pec major

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Name agonist, synergist, antagonist and stabilizer for the squat

agonist - glutes, quads
synergist - hamstrings
stabilizer - transversus abdominis
antagonist - psoas

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receptors that sense muscle length; run parallel with fibers, regulate contractions via reflex mechanism

muscle spindles

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combination and interrelation of the nervous system, muscular and skeletal systems

human movement system

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ability of the nervous system to sense changes in either the internal or external environment

sensory function

neuromuscular response to the sensory information

motor function

conglomeration of billions of cells specifically designed to provide a communication network within the human body

nervous system

ability of the nervous system to analyze and interpret sensory information to allow for proper decision making, which produces the appropriate response

integrative function

cumulative sensory input to the CNS from all mechanoreceptors that sense body position and limb movement

proprioception

transmit nerve impulses from effector sites to brain and spinal cord

sensory neurons

the function unit of the nervous system

neuron

the portion of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord

CNS

receptors sensitive to change in length of the muscle and the rate of that change

muscle spindles

receptors surrounding a joint that respond to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration of the joint

joint receptors

sensory receptors responsible for sensing distortion in body tissues

mechanoreceptors

receptors sensitive to change in TENsion of the muscle and the rate of that change; located where skeletal muscle fibers insert into tendons of skeletal muscle

GTOs - activation causes muscle to relax, which prevents excessive stress/injury

cranial and spinal nerves that spread throughout the body

peripheral nervous system

connective tissues that attach muscle to bone and provide an anchor for muscles to produce force

tendons

layer of connective tissue that is underneath the fascia and surrounds the muscle

epimysium

deepest layer of connective tissue that surrounds individual muscle fibers

endomysium

motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates

motor unit

connective tissue that surrounds fascicles

perimysium

functional unit of muscle that produces muscular contraction and consists of repeating sections of actin and myosin

sarcomere

series of muscles that moves the skeleton

muscular system

Type 1 Fibers Characteristics

- more capillaries - less force produced - long term contractions (stabilization) - smaller in size - slow to fatigue - slow twitch

Type II Fibers Characteristics

- decreased oxygen delivery - larger in size - quick to fatigue - fast twitch

This hormone is secreted by the pancreas to regulate blood glucose levels. It triggers the release of glycogen stores from the liver back into the blood to raise glucose levels.

Glucagon

This helps to regulate energy and glucose metabolism in the body, by lowering glucose levels. It causes cells in the liver, muscle and fat tissue to take in glucose from the blood to store it as glycogen in the liver and muscle

Insulin

During exercise, glucose uptake by the cells increases, so the sensitivity to insulin increase/decreases?

Increases

Physiological effects of catecholamines:

increase heart rate and stroke volume elevates blood glucose levels redistributes blood to working tissues opens up the airways

cell body, axon and dendrites comprise

neurons

cell body consists of

nucleus, gto complex and mitochondria

this provides communication from brain and spinal cord; it's a cylindrical projection from the cell body that transmits impulses to other neurons

axon

these gather info from other structures and transmit it back to the neuron

dendrite

When ACh is released, it binds to receptors. Action potential reaches the Ttubule. Sarcoplasmic reticulum releases CA2+. Active site exposure cross-bridge binding and what begins?

contraction

Ach is removed; sarcoplasmic reticulum recaptures ( Ca2+, active sites covered, no cross-bridge interaction so what just ended?

contraction ended - then relaxation occurs and passive return to resting length

joint motion is also known as

arthrokinematics

what are 3 major motion types for bones?

roll, spin and slide

An example of a rolling joint (no jokes ok?)

squat - femoral condoyles rolling over tibial condoyles

An example of a spinning bone motion?

rotating of head of radius, rotating on end of humerus - ex. twisting a lid off a jar

Sliding joint motion example

knee extension - tibial condoyles slide across the femorl condoyles

where all movement begins and it's the communication center

Nervous System

What system is the primary decision maker?

Central Nervous System

Nerves from the central system to the entire body Sends messages to the CNS Carry out actions from the CNS

Peripheral Nervous System

protective mechanism that protects the joints from a compromising situation

joint receptors - also sense motion acceleration and deceleration

protective mechanism forces muscles to tighten when stimulated and sense length in the muscle

Muscle Spindles

protective mechanism forces muscle to relax when stimulated

GTOs

what system works to move and stabilize our bodies

Muscular System

2 functions of skeletal system

Leverage and Support leverage for muscles support that affects our posture

Heart, Blood and Blood vessels make up the

cardiovascular system

trachea, bronchi, alveoli and lungs make up the

respiratory system

what systems work together to deliver oxygen to the tissues of the body and remove waste from the tissues

cardiovascular and respiratory systems

total amount of blood pumped out of the heart with each contraction

Stroke volume

What is the average Stroke Volume?

77ml

Rate at which the heart beats

Heart rate

average adult hr

70-80bpm

volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute

CARDIAC OUTPUT - HR X STROKE VOLUME

- brings oxygen into the lungs - removes carbon dioxide from the lungs - breathing

Respiratory System

Normal Breathing uses which muscles?

diaphragm and external intercostals

Deep forced breathing uses which muscles?

scalenes, pec minor induced in stressful situations physical, mental or emotional stress

What are side effects of deep forced breathing?

head aches and anxiety

study of how energy is transferred into usable forms in the body through chemical reactions

bioenergetics

process which nutrients are acquired, transported, used and disposed by the body

metabolism - body needs fuel that comes from the food you eat

- provide body w/fuel - turned into glucose and enters cells - stored as glycogen in liver and muscle cells - limited ability to store

carbohydrates

triglycerides are the chemical form | used for prolonged periods such as a marathon and rest

fat

does not provide energy during exercise significant form of energy during starvation converted to glucose during gluconeogenesis

protein

2 anaerobic systems are

ATP-PC AND GLYCOLYSIS

HIIT 10-15 secs all out sprint 1st system used at the onset of activity

ATP-PC

provides energy longer than atp-pc but not that long; 30-50 seconds, used in workouts with 8-12 reps

GLYCOLYSIS - primarily breaks down carbs to produce atp

what system - aerobic glycolysis, krebs cycle and electron transp. chain (ETC); used after transitioning to sustained exercise; energy used at rest

oxidative system - can produce energy for indefinite time | main source of fuel is fat

EPOC - Excessive Post-Exercise Oxygen Consumption

- state of increased metabolism after performing exercise - anaerobic exercise creates an oxygen debt that is repaid by increasing oxygen use after exercise - more cals are used many hours after we workout

sleep burns close to 100% from

fat

force is produced, muscle tension is developed and movement occurs through a given range

isotonic - means constant tension

no visible movement; dynamically stabilizes force

isometric - means constant length

speed of movement is fixed, and resistance varies with the force exerted; requires sophisticated equipment

isokinetic