NASM CPT Ch. 2 Flashcards
What 3 systems make up the Human Movement System?
Muscular, Skeletal, Nervous
The muscular, skeletal and nervous systems responsible for human movement is also referred to as ____________
the kinetic chain
What is the combination and interrelation of the nervous, skeletal and muscular systems?
Human Movement System
What is a conglomeration of cells specifically designed to provide a communication network within the human body?
Nervous System
The ability of the nervous system to sense changes in either the internal or external environment is ____________
Sensory Function
The ability of the nervous system to analyze and interpret sensory info to allow for proper decision making, which produces the appropriate response.
Integrative Function
The neuromuscular response to the sensory information
Motor Function
Cumulative sensory input to the CNS from all mechanoreceptors that sense body position and limb movement
proprioception
The functional unit of the nervous system
neuron
transmits nerve impulses from effector sites (muscles and organs) via receptors to the brain and spinal cord
Sensory (AFFERENT) Neurons
One of the main organ systems and consists of a network of specialized cells called neurons that transmit and coordinate signals, providing a communication network within the body
The Nervous System
What 2 parts make up the nervous system?
Peripheral and Central
System that makes up the brain and spinal cord; primary function is to coordinate the activity of all parts of the body
Central Nervous System
System that contains only nerves and connects the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body
Peripheral Nervous System
3 functions of the Nervous System
Sensory
Integrative
Motor
Ability of nervous system to sense change in internal/external environment
Sensory Function (ex. muscle stretch - internal; or walking on sidewalk vs sand - external)
ability of the nervous system to analyze and interpret sensory information to allow for proper decision making, which produces appropriate response
Integrative Function
Nervous and Muscular systems response to sensory info
Motor Function (ex. causing a muscle to contract when stretched too far, or changing one’s walking pattern when walking in sand vs sidewalk)
This system is responsible for recruiting muscles, learned patterns or movement and the functioning of every organ
Nervous System
specialized cell that processes and transmits info through both electrical and chemical signs
neuron
this cell forms the core of the nervous system, which includes the brain, spinal cord and peripheral ganglia
neuron
What 3 things make up a neuron?
Dendrite, Cell Body and Axon
What makes up the body (soma) of the neuron?
Nucleus and other organelles, including lysosomes, mitochondria and golgi complex
What is the cylindrical projection from the cell body that transmits nervous impulses to other neurons or effector sites?
The Axon
What part of the neuron provides communication from the brain and spinal cord to other parts of the body?
The Axon
Gathers info from other structures and transmits it back to the neuron?
Dendrites
What are the 3 classifications of neurons?
Sensory (afferent) neurons
Interneurons
Motor (efferent) neurons
These neurons respond to touch, sound, light and other stimuli and transmit impulses from effector sites (such as muscles and organs) to the brain and spinal cord.
Sensory (afferent) neurons
Example - touching a hot object and the hand signals the brain that the object is hot
These neurons transmit nerve impulses from one neuron to another
Interneurons
These neurons transmit nerve impulses from the brain and spinal cord to the effector sites such as muscles or glands.
Motor (efferent) neurons
Example - when touching a hot object, the brain signaling the hand to remove from the object
How many cranial nerves in the peripheral nervous system?
12
How many pairs of spinal nerves (branch out from brain and spinal cord)?
31
The 2 primary functions of the peripheral nervous system are:
Provide connection for nervous system to activate different effector sites, such as muscles (motor function) and they relay info from effector sites back tot he brain via sensory receptors
What are the 2 subsystems of the PNS?
Somatic and Autonomic
What system consists of nerves that serve outer areas of the body and skeletal muscle, and are largely responsible for the voluntary control of movement?
Somatic Nervous System
What system supplies neural input to the involuntary systems (heart, digestivve, endocrine)
Autonomic Nervous System
The autonomic nervous system is broken down into what 2 systems?
Sympathetic and parasympathetic
sensory receptors responsible for sensing distortion in the tissues
mechanoreceptors
what system prepares the body for activity?
sympathetic nervous system
what system serves to decrease levels of activation during rest and recovery?
parasympathetic nervous system
Specialized structures located throughout the body that convert environmental stimuli into sensory information that the brain and spinal cord use to produce a response
Sensory Receptors
Four categories of sensory receptors are
Mechanoreceptors, Nociceptors, Chemoreceptors, and photoreceptors
These receptors respond to mechanical forces, such as touch and pressure. They are specialized structures that respond to pressure within tissues and transmit signals to sensory nerves.
Mechanoreceptors
Respond to: touch, pressure, stretching, sound waves and motion, and transmit impulses thru sensory nerves which enable detection of tough, sounds and motion of body
What type of receptors respond to pain?
nociceptors
What type of receptors respond to chemical interaction (smell and taste)?
chemoreceptors
What type of receptors respond to light/vision?
photoreceptors
Where are mechanoreceptors located?
muscles, tendons, ligaments and joint capsules and include muscle spindles, golgi tendon organs and joint receptors
Put the sets of nerves in order from the following, starting with the top section.
Lumbar, Sacral, Thoracic, Cranial, Coccygeal
Cranial Thoracic Lumbar Sacral Coccygeal
Receptors sensitive to change in length of the muscle and the rate of that change. They run parallel to the muscle fibers.
Muscle Spindles - also help in regulating the contraction of muscles via the stretch reflex mechanism; they respond rapidly, preventing over-stretching and muscle damage
Receptors sensitive to change in tension of the muscles and the rate of that change
GTOs
Receptors surrounding a joint that respond to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration of the joint.
- act to signal extreme joint positions and help prevent injury
- act to initiate a reflex response if too much stress on the joint
Joint receptors
Examples - Ruffini endings and Pacinian corpuscles, sweat glands, meissner corpuscle and merkel cells
_____________ are specialized sensory receptors located at the point where skeletal muscle fibers insert into the tendons of skeletal muscle; sensitive to muscle tension and rate of tension change.
GTOs
They cause muscle to relax to prevent excess stress/injury
This system is the body’s framework, composed of bones and joints. Provides shape and form in addition to supporting, protecting, allowing bodily movement, producing blood for the body and storing minerals.
Skeletal System
Connect muscles to bones
tendons
Bones form junctions connected by muscle tissues and connective tissue. These junctions are known as ____________
joints - sites where movement occurs as a result of muscle contraction
__________provide a resting ground for muscles and protection of vital organs
bones
this portion of the skeletal system consists of skull, rib cage and vertebral column
AXIAL skeleton
this portion of the skeletal system includes the upper and lower extremities as well as shoulder and pelvic girdle. NOTE: PELVIC GIRDLE is often a component of both as it is a link between the 2
APPENDICULAR skeleton
Number of bones in the axial skeleton?
“approximately 80”
Number of bones in the appendicular skeleton?
126
How many bones in the skeleton system?
206 - 177 are used in voluntary movement
Bones in body form more than 300 joints
2 vital functions of bones in movement
1 - leverage
2 - provide support (posture)
Process of resorption and formation of bone; how bone is renewed
remodeling
type of bone cell that removes bone tissue
osteoclasts
type of bone cell that is responsible for bone formation
osteoblasts
Name that bone type: long, cylindrical shaft and irregular or widened ends
LONG BONE
example - humerus, femur, clavicle, radius, ulna, metacarpals, phalanges, femur, tibia, fibula and metatarsals
Mostly composed of compact bone tissue to ensure strength but they do have spongy tissue for shock absoprtion
Name that bone type: similar in length and width and appear somewhat cubical in shape
SHORT BONES - cubicle in shape, spongy tissue to maximize shock absorption
example - carpals of hand, tarsals of feet
what type of bone is the vertebrae?
irregular
what type of bone is the femur?
long bone
what type of bones are the carpals of the hand?
short bones
what type of bone is the patella?
sesamoid and flat
Name that bone type: thin and protective. It’s comprised of 2 layers of compact bone tissue surrounding a layer of spongy bone tissue.
FLAT BONES
example: scapulae, patella, sternum, ribs, ilium and craial bones
They protect internal structures
What type of bones is the humerus
long bone
what type of bones make up the tarsals of the feet?
short bones
what type of bones are unique in shape and function?
irregular
what type of bones are small, often round, embedded in a joint capsule or found in locations where a tendon passes over a joint?
sesamoid (patella)
- they develop within particular tendons at a site of considerable friction or tension. They improve leverage and protect the joint from damage
Name the 5 major types of bones
sesamoid, irregular, short, long, flat
What type of bone is the clavicle?
Long
What type of bones are the metacarpals?
Long
end of long bone, composed of cancellous bone, and house much of red marrow involved in RBC production.
Epiphysis
Also primary site for bone growth and vulnerable to injury
shaft portion of long bone; predominantly compact (although shaft inside is hollow)
diaphysis
region of long bone connecting the diaphysis to the epiphysis. It is a layer of subdividing cartilaginous cells in which growth in length of the diaphysis occurs
Epiphyseal Plate
What bone’s principal role is support?
Diaphysis
A dense membrane composed of fibrous connective tissue that closely wraps all bone, except that of the articulating surfaces in joints, which are covered by a synovial membrane
Periosteum
- contains nerves, blood vessels, and bone-producing cells. inner surface provides material for nutrition repair and facilitates growth in the diameter of the bone.
- fundamental role in movement by providing the point of attachment of tendons
central cavity of bone shafts where marrow is stored
medullar cavity
cartilage that covers the articular surfaces of bones and is hard, white, shiny tissue that helps reduce friction. It’s fundamental for smooth joint action.
articular cartilage
space that runs down through the center of the diaphysis and contains fatty yellow marrow that is mostly adipose tissue and serves as a useful energy reserve
Medullary Cavity
What category bone - ribs?
Flat
What category bone - carpals of the hand?
Short
What type of bone? vertebrae
irregular
what type of bone? pelvic and facial bones
irregular
what type of bone? ilium
flat bone
what type of bones are the cranial bones?
flat bones
what type of bones are the tarsals of the feet?
short bones
2 categories of bone markings
depressions and processes
These bone markings are flattened or indented portions of the bone.
Depressions
- common depression is called a fossa (ex. supraspinous or infraspinous foss on the scapulae)
- another form is a sulcus - groove in bone that allows tendons to pass through (ex. intertubercular sulcus in humerus - groove for biceps tendon)
these bone markings are projections protruding from the bone to which muscles, tendons and ligaments can attach
Processes
- common processes: condyle, epicondyle, tubercle, and trochanter
Example - spinous processes on vertebra, acromion and coracoid processes on the scapulae
______are located on the inner and outer portions of the femur and top of tibia to form knee joint
condoyles
______are located at the top of the humerus and glenohumeral (shoulder) joint
tubercles
____________are located on the inner/outer portions of the humerus to help form the elbow join
epicondyles
type of bone marking for scapulae
fossa / depression
bones located at the top of the femur and are attachment sites for the hips - the hipbone is commonly called the greater _______
trochanter
consists of irregularly shaped bones
vertebral column
first 7 vertebrae, flexible motion head
Cervical Vertebrae
12 vertebrae located in upper mid back
thoracic vertebrae (move w/ribs to form rear anchor of rib cage)
the 5 vertebrae below the thoracic vertebrae
lumbar vertebrae - support most amount of body weight and subject to largest forces and stresses along the spine
triangular bone located below the lumbar vertebrae
sacrum - 4-5 sacral vertebrae in a child which fuse together as adult
bone at the bottom of the spinal column
coccyx (tailbone) - consists of 3-5 bones that are fused as an adult
vertebral column function
allow to stand upright and maintain balance, helps support head/arms while permitting freedom of movement
optimal arrangement of spine is called
neutral spine
posterior concavity of cervical spine
posterior cervical curvature
posterior concavity of the thoracic spione
anterior thoracic curvature
posterior concavity of the lumbar spine
posterior lumbar curvature
joint motion
arthrokinematics
3 type of joint motions
roll, slide and spin
when femoral condyles move over the tibial condoyles in a squat – this is an example of what type of joint motion
rolling
example of sliding joint
tibial condyles sliding across femoral condyles during a knee extension
example of spinning joint
head of radius rotating on the end of humerus during pronation and supination of the forearm
Joints held together by a joint capsule and ligaments and are most associated with movement in the body
synovial joints - they comprise 80% of all joints in the body - synovial fluid lubes joints
Name the various types of synovial joints
gliding (plane) condyloid hinge saddle pivot ball and socket
What type of joint allows movement in all 3 planes?
Ball and socket
Joints that have no joint cavity, connective tissue or cartilage?
Nonsynovial joints
What type of joint would sutures of the skull be?
Nonsynovial
The knee is a synovial or non-synovial joint?
Synovial
Carpals of the hand are what kind of joint?
Gliding
The knee is what type of joint?
Condyloid and synovial
Types of joint that fit one bone into the elliptical cavity of another - move predominantly in 1 plane
Condyloid
The elbow is what kind of joint?
hinge
carpometacarpals are what kind of joint?
saddle
radioulnar is what type of joint?
pivot
the shoulder is what kind of joint?
ball and socket (shoulder)
this joint moves by sliding side-to-side or back and forth; no axis of rotation
gliding (carpals of hand)
this joint moves mostly in 1 plane (saggital) of motion and is uniaxial
hinge (elbow)
this joint fits into another bone like a saddle, moves mostly in 2 planes (saggital, joint of thumb frontal)
saddle (ex carpometacarpal)
this joint has only 1 axis and moves mostly in the transverse plane
pivot (ex radioulnar)
this joint is the most mobile of joints and moves in all 3 planes
ball and socket
connective tissue that connects bones and provides stability; input to the nervous system, guidance and limitation of joint movement
ligaments (very slow to repair)
3 layers of connective tissue
epimysium, perimysium, endomysium
connective tissue that surrounds fascicles
perimysium
innermost layer, deepest and surrounds muscle fibers
endomysium
underneath fascia and surrounds muscle
epimysium
attach muscle to bone
tendons
series of muscles that moves the skeleton
muscular system
3 types of muscle
skeletal, cardiac and smooth
the functional unit of muscle that produces contraction and consists of repeating sections of actin and myosin
sarcomere
the communication between the nervous system and the muscular system - muscle contraction generated by neural stimulation
neural activation
motor neuron and all of the fibers it connects
motor unit
point where motor neuron meets an individual muscle fiber
neuromuscular junction
when impulse reaches the end of the axon, chemicals called ________ are released
neurotransmitters - transports the impulse from nerve to muscle
T/F - sarcomeres shorten as a result of zlines moving closer together
true
these are slow twitch muscle fibers
increased oxygen delivery, less force produced, slow to fatigue, long-term contractions (staibilization), more capillaries, mitochondria and myoglobin
Type I - often called red fibers and smaller in size
used more in stabilization and postural control
fast twitch muscle fibers with fewer capillaries, mitochondria and myoglobin, decreased oxygen delivery, larger in size, more force produced, quick to fatigue, short term contractions, fast twitch
Type II - often called white fibers and larger in size, quick to produce max tension and fatigue quicker than type 1
Type II muscle fiber categories
Type IIa and Type IIx
which type of fibers have low oxidative capacity?
Type IIx
which type fibers use anaerobic and aerobic to create energy?
Type IIa
Name the agonist, synergist, stabilizer and antagonist for the chest press
Chest press - agonist - pec major synergist - anterior deltoid/triceps stabilizer - rotator cuff antagonist - posterior deltoid
Name the agonist, synergist, stabilizer and antagonist for the overhead press
agonist - deltoid
synergist - triceps
stabilizer - rotator cuff
antagonist - lat dorsi
Name the agonist, synergist, stabilizer and antagonist for the row
agonist - lat dorsi
synergist - posterior deltoid, biceps
stabilizer - rotator cuff
antagonist - pec major
Name the agonist, synergist, stabilizer and antagonist for the squat
agonist - glue max and quads
synergist - hamstring complex
stabilizer - transverse abdominis
antagonist - psoas
antagonist
performs opposite of prime mover
agonist
prime mover
synergist
assists the prime mover
stabilizer
supports or stabilizes the body
Primary endocrine glands
hypothalmus, pituitary, thyroid and adrenal glands
the “master” gland because it controls the other glands
pituitary
gland that secretes cortisol, adrenaline and respond to stress
adrenal
produces hormones to regulate metabolism
thyroid
primary source of energy in rigorous exercise
carbs (glucose)
control of blood glucose is regulated by the _____
pancreas
The pancreas produces which 2 hormones?
glucagon and insulin
this regulates energy and close metabolism in the body
insulin
glucagon
regulates blood glucose levels; triggers release of glycogen stores from the liver
name the 2 catecholamines
epinephrine and norepinephrine
what gland produces catecholamines?
adrenal
fight or flight syndrom - what gland?
adrenal
when adrenal gland produces epinephrine, what physiological effects take place to sustain activity?
increases heart and stroke volume, elevates blood glucose levels, redistributes blood to working tissues, opens up the airways
what hormone plays a fundamental role in the growth and repair of tissue?
testosterone
what is referred to as a catabolic hormone?
cortisol - breaks down muscle tissue
what gland releases growth hormone?
pituitary - and regulated by hypothalmus
release of thyroid hormones is regulated by what gland?
pituitary
