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French Revolution > Napoleon Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Napoleon Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What did Sieyes argue Napoleon should be ?

A

The figurehead of the constitution but napoleon disagreed and stated there should be a first consul as head of state with complete power of peace and war and that he should be that

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2
Q

What did Sieyes then argue the second and third consuls should do?

A

They should have it to one of three equal votes but napoleon argued they should only have right to express an opinion

He overpowered Sieyes and became first consul

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3
Q

What were the main features of the constitution of 1799?

A

Universal suffrage but this was so indirect
Democratic involvement in elections w as minimal
There were no elections just presentations of candidates suitable For appointments as deputies and choice of candidates was restricted to notables

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4
Q

What was the role of the first consul ?

A

Appoints and removes minsters
Initiates legislation through council of state or senate
Declares war and peace
Nominates council of state and senate

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5
Q

What was senatus consultum?

A

Procedure that allowed senate to preserve and amend the constitution and also approve constitutional change and new laws
He used this as an instrument of his own power he used this extensively to to block wishes of tribunate and legislature

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6
Q

What did the law of Brumaire state?

A

New constitution in order to become legal had to be submitted to the acceptance of the French people though a plebiscite

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7
Q

When was the plebiscite held?

A

7 feb 1800

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8
Q

What did the plebiscite of 1800 show?

A

Official results showed 3,011,007 voted in favour with 1562 against

Ballot was not secret and intimidation affected results in some areas

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9
Q

What happened on 19 Brumaire ?

A

Napoleon and two other consuls swore oath of allegiance to Republic

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10
Q

What was special about Senators and how did that work in Napoleons favour?

A

They were appointed for life and he used his power to fill the Senate with his own appointments

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11
Q

When Napoleon narrowly miss assassination ?

A

December 1800

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12
Q

What did Napoleons almost assassination lead to?

A

The Senate became aware of the fragility of the regime and due to this and as symbol of gratitude offered him consulship for life

New constitution of year X drawn up to formalise the change and was put to plebiscite

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13
Q

When was the second plebiscite held?

A

August 1802
Results were similar to 1799
An alleged 3’600’000 in favour and 8272 against

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14
Q

Were the results of 1802 plebiscite rigged?

A

No evidence but is known some officials sent in results a to please superiors

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15
Q

What happened to Napoleons power as a result of life consulship ?

A

His power increased through his control of the enlarged Senate which became responsible for everything not provided for in the constitution
Tribunate and legislature lost importance and met less frequently

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16
Q

What happened to tribunate in 1802?

A

Was severely purged for daring to criticise the civil code

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17
Q

Why did legislature have reduced credibility ?

A

It was packed with Napoleons men who did not oppose his wishes

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18
Q

When was the Legion of Honour introduced ?

A

May 1802

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19
Q

When was the Duc d’Enghien murdered?

A

March 1804

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20
Q

What happened in the build up to the murder of Duc d’Enghien?

A

Series of disasters royalist plots and counter plots

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21
Q

Who was the Duc d’Enghien?

A

Member of the Bourbon family and alleged to be involved in plot to overthrew Napoleon by murdering him and taking over the government

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22
Q

What happened to the Duke ?

A

He was kidnapped on Napoleons orders on neutral territory and tried with inadequate evidence found guilty of conspiracy
Executed quickly and Napoleon justified this by stating he killed an enemy who threatens personal safety

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23
Q

What was approved by the Senate on 18 May 1804?

A

That Napoleon be declared Emperor or French and that it be hereditary

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24
Q

When was the third plebiscite for hereditary emperor in constitution of year XI held?

A

November 1804

25
Q

What was special about the third plebiscite held in 1804?

A

40% of the soldiers had rejected this proposal two years ago so soldiers were not polled this time and approx half a million yes votes were added on their behalf

26
Q

When was Napoleon and Josephine crowned emperor and empress?

A

2 December 1804 at Notre Dame

27
Q

What changes to government occurred after Napoelons crowning at emperor in 1804?

A

During next 2-3 years the Tribunate and Legislatire were barely consulted
Tribunate was abolished in1808
Legislatire served loyally to Napoleon
Government increasingly conducted through the Senate and Council both firmly under Napoleon

28
Q

Why and how did Napoleon divorce Josephine ?

A

She didn’t provide a legitimate heir and was now past child bearing age and although fond of her he sought divorce
Church reluctantly agreed on annulment leaving Napolone free to remarry Marie Antoinettes niece April 1810 who had a son following year

29
Q

Who were the minister of finances and at the treasury in 1799?

A

Gaudin and Barbe-Marbois

30
Q

What were early financial reforms in 1799?

A

Clearer division of roles between ministry of finances overseeing tax collection and revenues and treasury and dealing with govt expenditure
Reorganisation of both direct and indirect tax collection
First steps to establishing public banking system

31
Q

Where Gaudins most important reforms ?

A

Removing assessment and collection of direct taxes from control of local authorities and form central organisation to do this
More efficient land registers listing ownership helped ensure amount paid was spread more evenly

32
Q

What continued to be main source of revenue ?

A

Land tax

33
Q

Where did a more dramatic increase in revenue come from ?

A

Indirect taxes many had been abolished by Constituent Assembly
Mounting deficits meant govt had to reintroduce indirect taxes on certain goods

34
Q

When was the bank of France created ?

A

Jan 1800

35
Q

What was the nature of the bank of France ?

A

It was private with own shareholders but given a range of public functions such as sole right to issue paper notes

Aimed to improve efficiency of state finances

36
Q

When was the new currency introduced? And what was it?

A

28 March 1803 introduced the franc de germinal

Became basis of the monetary system
New gold and silver coins established
Gave France most stable currency for 120 years

37
Q

When was the civil code introduced ?

A

March 1804

38
Q

Why was code illiberal?

A

Individual male rights to ownership of property maintained and civil rights of frenchmen were assured
Married women didn’t benefit man had total control over wife and famoy
Divorce permitted but hard and expensive
Black people treated unequally

39
Q

What was the livret?

A

Provided lack of liberty for workmen m

Combined work permit and employment record without it was impossible to legally get job

40
Q

Positive of civil code ?

A

Legal sanction to important developments of 1790 like abolition of feudalism and giving fixed legal title to those who had purchased confiscated property
Equal division of estates among male heirs instead of eldest son inheriting

41
Q

Why was education system unfair?

A

Neglected ordinary people like ancient regime they only got moral education through church schools or community schools
Women didn’t receive as much education their purpose was to marry and have children

42
Q

Who was secondary education for?

A

Almost entirely restricted to sons of notables who were educated
Free of charge for those whose fathers were army officers

43
Q

How was the secondary education system centralised and controlled?

A

Government appointed teachers who would all teach to common syllabus and from identical textbooks to ensure Napoelone knew what was taught at what time

44
Q

What was career open to talents

A

Napoleon believed anyone of ability irrespective of social status should be able tot progress in chosen field
He failed to ensure it was carried out

45
Q

What were lycées ? When were they established ?

A

Elite schools for sons of wealthy organised on strict military line
Established under education. Law of 1 May 1802

Less high powered secondary schools were established three years later

46
Q

When was the imperial university established ?

A

17 March 1808

47
Q

How was the uni controlling ?

A

It controlled the curricula and appointed all teachers of state secondary schools which operated only with its permission and under its authority
Total obedience was demanded by uni from teachers had to take oath of loyalty

48
Q

What were lessons like at imperial uni?

A

Lessons standardised and what was taught was dictated in accordance to needs of government

49
Q

Why was there lack of choice within state system of education?

A

No freedom of thought or expression from students or staff

Which is why parents oreferred their children to go expensive private church schools in most cases

50
Q

What were the reasons for Napoleon seeking to improve relations with church in 1800?

A

He thought if church was reunited with state and under his control then it would be force for peace and stability and draw Catholics away from Bourbon allegiance
Saw religion as social cement and that it would end feud between clergy who had sworn allegiance to Rev and those who didn’t

51
Q

When was concordat agreed ?

A

July 1801

52
Q

What were main terms of concordat ?

A

Confirmation that separation between church and state would end
Catholic Church recognise the Rev and make no attempt to recover lands lost
State controlled church established -clergy became paid civil servants answerable togovt by oath
Catholic worship freely exercised
Toleration of other faiths

53
Q

When was concordat published alongside organic article?

A

April 1802

54
Q

What were organic articles?

A

Series of clauses limiting papal control over French bishops while increasing state control over the clergy

55
Q

What is a Catechism ?

A

Set of form of question and answer used by the church to teach the key aspects of its faith

56
Q

When did Napoleon standardise the numerous existing Catechisms?

A

1806

57
Q

How were new official catechisms amended by Napoleon ?

A

Amended to revolve around Napoelon as the a emperor glorifying his image in eyes of religion

58
Q

How did relations become tense with the church besides the Catechisms?

A

Napoleon declared the Empire should celebrate the 16 August day after his birthday as St Napoleon day
He hadn’t consulted Pope and removed the existing occupant

French Revolution (11 decks)

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