Nap Attack 1

Question 1

Proteins

Answer 1

• linear arrangements of covalently linked amino acids
• adopt specific three dimensional shapes that bestow biological function
• are highly diverse in their sequences structures and functions
• perform a diverse array of biological functions that make life possible
• considerable medicle importance as causes and indicators of disease, therapeutic targets and agents

Question 2

post-translational modifications enable

Answer 2

a number of protein isoforms of distinct biological function

Question 3

post-translational modifications and conformational isomers further contribute to

Answer 3

the functional diversity within a protein population

Question 4

Relative to other biomolecules, proteins _______

Answer 4

show much greater numbers as well as structural and functional diversity (# about the same as RNA molecules, proteins remain unique in their structural diversity and complexity

Question 5

polysacharides cannot form three dimensional structure because

Answer 5

they are hydrophillic and lack the necessary hydrophobic portions

Question 6

How are lipids different from other biomolecules

Answer 6

do not form higher order structures via formation of covalently linked polymers (membranes essentially 2 dimentional, are simple)

Question 7

lipids involved in structural roles have

Answer 7

different backbones and a spectrum of different polar head groups

Question 8

DNA can perform it’s biological function due to

Answer 8

differences in its sequence rather than differences in it’s structure (works because it is simple)

Question 9

Rna biomolecules of more complex structure and function (like ribosomes) are ______

Answer 9

hybrids involving proteins

Question 10

rna structure almost entirely determined by

Answer 10

hydrogen bonding patterns

Question 11

functional diversity and versatility of proteins derives from

Answer 11

• The chemical diversity of the side chains of amino acids
• the flexibility of the polypeptide chain
  - because of freedom of rotation on either side of each alpha carbon

Question 12

some functional roles of proteins

Answer 12

structural (micro and macro)
movement (micro and macro)
decoding cell information
immunity
storage and transport
enzymes

Question 13

structural proteins often use

Answer 13

unique repetitive signatures to achieve simple but effective structures consistent with their biological roles
(structural role at macro scale)

Question 14

structural proteins like collagen

Answer 14

help provide strength and flexibility to skin tendons and cells
(structural role at macro scale)

Question 15

Tubulins

Answer 15

• building blocks of microtubules
• components of cytoskeleton
• involved in maintaining cell structure
  (structural role at micro scale)

Question 16

microtubules

Answer 16

platforms for intracellular transport
facilitate movement of secretory vesicles and organelles
(structural role at microlevel

Question 17

movement at the macro scale example

Answer 17

Atp fueled dynamic interaction between actin and myosin

- enables breathing, beating hearts and movement

Question 18

movement at micro scale (cellular level) example

Answer 18

Kinesins move along microtubule filaments (powered by ATP hydrolysis)
- required by mitosis, meiosis, transport of cellular cargo

Question 19

How proteins generate and utilize genetic information

Answer 19

dna polymerase replicates dna
rna polymerase performs transcriptoin
ribosomes perform translation

Question 20

Binding does _______

Answer 20

exploits the ability of proteins to present structurally and chemically diverse structures, that can interact with other molecules with high specificity

Question 21

example of proteins involved in storage and transport

Answer 21

association of heme group with polypeptide of myolglobin resulted in a structure that allows reversible binding of oxygen

Question 22

IgG antibodies

Answer 22

responsible for resistence against many viruses bactera and bacterial toxins

Question 23

IgE antibodies

Answer 23

attaches as an individual molecule to the exposed surfaces of basophiles and mast cells

Question 24

IgD antibody

Answer 24

individual molecule on the surfaces of B cells where it can bind antigens in the extracellular fluid, this binding plays a role in the sensitization of the B cell involved

Question 25

igM antibody

Answer 25

first class of antibody secreted after an antigen is encountered, goes down as igG goes up

Question 26

IgA

Answer 26

mostly in glandular secreations(mucus, saliva), attack pathogens before they can get to internal tissues

Question 27

Enzyme catalysis requires

Answer 27

1. specific binding to substrates 2. specific chemical reactivity 3. transition-state stabilization

Question 28

loss of function from protein defects causes

Answer 28

the inability of a cell to produce a funcitonal version of the protein results in pathological consequences

Question 29

phenylketoria caused by

Answer 29

absense of phenylalanine hydroxylase - preventing metabolism of phenylalanine - causes accumulation of phenylalanine whichs affects brain function and development

Question 30

Gain of function from protein defect example

Answer 30

activation of kinases in cancer, mutations causing overexpression, mutations causing overexpression or constitutive activation of EGF receptor associated with a number of cancers

Question 31

change of function from protein defect example

Answer 31

sickle cell anemia, prion disease, PrP^sc, misfolded conformation has gain of functions associated with toxic signaling events

Question 32

groups of peptides and proteins administered as therapeutics

Answer 32

Group 1: Protein therapeutics with enzymatic or regulatory activity Group 2: Protein therapeutics with special targeting activity. Group 3: Protein vaccines. Group 4: Protein Diagnostics

Question 33

Protein therapeutics w/ enzymatic or regulatory activity

Answer 33

IA) protein therapeutics replacing a protein that is deficient or abnomral (insulin) IB) Protein therapeutics augmenting an existing pathway (Enthropoietin, interferon) IC) Protein therapeutics providing a novel function or activity (Botox)

Question 34

protein therapeutics w/ special targeting activity

Answer 34

IIA) interfering with a molecule or organism (Crofab (rattlenake anti venom)) IIB) Delivering other compounds or proteins

Question 35

Protein vaccines

Answer 35

A) protecting against a adeleterious foreign agent B) Treating an autoimmune disease C) Treating cancer and neurodegenerative diseases

Question 36

Host defense Peptides

Answer 36

have potential to directly attack pathogens, activate immune responses, regulate inflamation and promote wound healing

Question 37

therapeutic peptide limited by

Answer 37

cost and biological instability

Question 38

retro inversed peptide

Answer 38

reveresed sequences and composed form D-amino acids - predicted to maintain side chain topology but resist proteolytic degradation - been shown to work with HDP's and other biological peptides