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NAMIBIAN HISTORY Flashcards

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1
Q

what is meant by nationalism?

A

-a strong feeling of love towards your country

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2
Q

describe south african rule S factor contributing to namibia’s nationalism

A

-south africa colonial power controlled namibia through racist laws making namibians begin uniting in order to fight the racist laws

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3
Q

describe education as a factor contributing to the nationalism of namibia

A

-mission schools taught namibians how to read and write which enabled them to read about the movements such as pan-africanism

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4
Q

describe urbanisation as a factor contributing to namibia’s nationalism

A

-the colonial labour systen taught people from all over the country together in cities, where they both experienced harsh conditions and they developed a new attitude of solidarity and unity

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5
Q

describe the united nations as a contribution to namibia’s nationalism

A

the un supported the independence of mandated territories and believed that all people have the right to freedom

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6
Q

describe world war 2 as a contribution to namibia’s nationalism

A

-namibian’s were recrutied to help british in the war and they saw how others were fighting for freedom and democracy

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7
Q
A
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8
Q

role players in namibia’s nationalism

A

chief hosea kutako
-he was born in 1870
-was leading commander during the world of national resistance against germany
-he founded the herero chief’s council in 1945
-he suggested that opo become swapo
-he was the first chief to send a petition to the uno through michael scott

andimba toivo ya toivo
-was born on 22 august 1924 and died on 09 june 2017
-he became the leader of the contract workers in cape town
-in 1957, he founded opc
-in 1958, he sent a tape recorded message to the uno by smuggling it inside of the copy of a book titled treasure island
-he was arrested with 44 other swapo and tried for terrorism

sam nujoma
-worked on SA railways before 1959
-became president of opo
-focused on making conditions better for the contract workers everywhere in namibia
-he left in 1959 after the windhoek massacre
-established swapo offices all over the world

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9
Q

list reasons for the establishment of OPO

A

-to fight the apartheid policies that SA introduced in namibia
-to win independence for namibia
-to remove the racial discrimination in the territory
-to oppose SA’s government ideas to make namibia as part of south africa

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10
Q

mention the founding members of opo

A
  1. andimba toivo ya toivo
  2. fanuel kozonguizi
  3. andreas shipanga
  4. sam nujoma
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11
Q

discuss the role sam nujoma played in the formation of opo

A

-he lost his job in 1957 and decided to focus on politics
-he became the first president of opo
-as president he further informed contract workers on the aims of their party
-he organized numerous strikes against the contract labour system
-he astablished branches of opo in centres such as windhoek and walvis bay

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12
Q

describe the contract labour system

A

-SWANLA exploited the workers
-workers could not choose the type of work they did
-they couldn’t choose who they wanted to work for
-workers could not renew their contract with an employer

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13
Q

about the contracts of the contract labourers

A

-men had to go alone to the places they worked
-they had to live in small, shared compounds with other contract workers
-workers had few rights
-they had to return to ovamboland when their contract ended

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14
Q

effects of the contract labour system

A

-damaged family life
-caused estrangement and breakdown in family ties
-caused breakdown of family relationships
-women left at home struggled with insufficient money to care for their children
-low wages
-dangerous working environment
-food shortage

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15
Q

name the founding members of SWANU

A

-fanuel kozonguizi
-uatja kaukuetu
-hosea kutako

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16
Q

aims of swanu

A

-fight for self determination
-promote the advancement of the namibian people
-to work with the uno in the struggle for independence
-to get independence through peaceful means

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17
Q

why swanu failed

A

-it didn’t have the full support of the contract workers
-mainly seen as a herero party
-leaders were arrested or forced to exile

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18
Q

aims of nudo, canu and damara tribal council

A

nudo
-wanted equality for all people in SWA
-to stop apartheid
-work for independence of namibia

canu
-to stop the south african rule in caprivi
-to fight common enemy(south africa)
-it wanted UN support

damara tribal council
-to stop SA from creating damara homeland
-to fight for independence
-to protect the rights of the damara people
-to advocate a mixed economy

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19
Q

causes of the windhoek massacre

A

-segregation policy of SA authority
-white authority created the white residential area at the site of the old location
-in 1959, the municipality forced the black people out of the old location, and those who refused were killed

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20
Q

consequences of the of the massacre

A

-nationalists left to exile
-54 people were killed
-the desire for independence increased
-members of opo and swapo were arrested and put in prison

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21
Q

reasons for the establishment of swapo

A
  1. to include all the namibian’s in the party and not only ovambo people
  2. to take up arms and fight for independence
  3. to fight for equal rights for all namibian people
  4. for it to be a national movement
  5. to fight for the rights of black people in namibia
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22
Q

what were the conditions on which swapo received assistance from the oau?

A
  • it had to prove that it had the support of the majority
    -they had to be willing to participate in an armed struggle
    -have to produce an effective programme of action detailing their resistance activities
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23
Q

when and why did launch the war of the national liberation?

A

-1966, in ovmboland
-SA refused the demand of th UN to withdraw from SWA

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24
Q

about the cassinga massacre

A

-on 4 may 1978, sadf attacked the cassinga camp
-why? - it believed that it was a military camp with PLAN fighters

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25
Q

describe the inheritance of namibia as a mandate by the UN

A

-in 1919, germany lost world war one, as a result all its colonies were taken away from it. this included namibia, it was given to LON to control it, and to lead it to independence. later on in 1945 after world war two, LON became the UN

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26
Q

what are the two main political parties in SA parliament?

A

-United Nation south west party (UNSWP)
-National party of south west africa (SWANP)

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27
Q

EXPLAIN REASONS WHY THESE PARTIES WERE THE ONLY TWO PRESENTING NAMIBIA IN THE SA PARLIAMENT

A

THERE WERE NO BLAK PARTIES IN 1940s
-SA DIDN’T ALLOW MANY PARTIES AS IT WOULD INTERRUPT THEIR ACTIVITIES IN THE TERRITORY AND BLACK PEOPLE WERE NOT ALLOWED TO VOTE

THEY WERE THE ONLY POLITICAL PARTIES RECOGNIZED BY THE SA GOVERNMENT
- THESE PARTIES SUPPORTED THE ANNEXATION OF SWA TO SA

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28
Q

WHAT HUMAN RIGHTS DOES THE CONSTITUTION PROTECT?

A

-NO DEATH PENALTY IN NAMIBIA
-EVERYONE HAS THE RIGHT TO PRIVACY
-EVERYONE HAS THE RIGHT TO EDUCATION
-EVERYONE HAS THE RIGHT TO OWN AND INHERIT PROPERTY

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29
Q

HOW WOMEN CAN BE TREATED BETTER IN THE SOCIETY

A

-BEING PAID EQUALLY AS MAN FOR THE SAME WORK DONE
-GETTING TRTEATED THE SAME AS MEN BY EMPLOYERS
-VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN SHOULD STOP

30
Q

WHAT ARE THE AIMS OF THE NATIONAL GENDER POLICY

A

-TO ACHIEVE GENDER BALANCE IN LEADERSHIP POSITIONS
-TO INFORM WOMEN ON SEXUAL MATTERS
-TO INFORM WOMEN ABOUT VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN

31
Q

DESICIONS TAKEN AT THE MEXICIO CONFERENCE FOR WOMEN

A

-WOMEN SHOULD HAVE THE SAME RIGHTS AS MEN IN A MARRIAGE
-LEGAL DISCRIMINATION AGAINST SINGLE MOMS SHOULD END
-WOMEN AND MEN SHOULD RECEIVE EQUAL EDUCATION AND OPPORTUNITIES
-MEN AND WOMEN SHOULD RECEIVE EQUAL PAY FOR EQUAL WORK
-INCREASE WOMEN’S PARTICIPATION IN POLITICS AND GOVERNEMNT BY EQUAL REPRESENTATION

32
Q

DESCRIBE DESCRIBE MADE AT THE COPENHAGEN CONFERENCE

A

-EQUAL ACCESS TO EDUCATION
-EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES
-HEALTHCARE SERVICES

33
Q

WHAT WAS THE PURPOSE OF RESOLUTINO 435?

A

-TO SET THE CONDITIONS OF HTE NAMIBIA’S TRANSFER FROM SA RULE TO INDEPENDENCE

34
Q

WHAT WERE THE AGREEMENTS IN 1988 BETWEEN SA, ANGOLA AND CUBA

A

-TO WITHDRAW THEIR TROOPS
-THAT FIRST APRIL 1989 WAS SUPPOSED TO BE THE TRANSITIONAL YEAR FOR NAMIBIA
-SUPERVISED ELECTIONS WOULD BE HELD

35
Q

WHY IT TOOK LONGER FOR RESOLUTION 435 TO BE IMPLEMENTED?

A

-THE INCLUSIUON OF WALVIS BAY IN AN INDEPENDENT NAMIBIA
-THE DATE SET FOR THE ELECTION AND INDEPENDENCE
-CUBAN TROOPS IN NAMIBIA
-THE SIZE OF THE UN TASK FORCE

36
Q

WHAT DOES UNTAG STAND FOR?

A

THE UNITED NATIONS TRANSITION ASSISTANCE GROUP

37
Q

LEADIN PERSONALITIES WHO WERE IN CHARGE OF UNTAG OPERATIONS IN NAMIBIA

A

-JOSEPH LEGWAILA
-MARTTI AHTISAARI
-LIEUTENANT GENERAL DEWAN PREM

38
Q

DESCRIBE THE PURPOSE OF UNTAG

A

-TO SUPERCISE THE REPATRIATION OF REFUGEES
-TO SUPERVISE THE PROCESS OF THE VOTERS
-TO MONITOR THE WITHDRAWAL OF THE SA AND CUBAN TROOPS FROM NAMIBIA AND ANGOLA RESPECTIVELY
-TO SUPERVISE ELCTIONS AND NAMIBIA’S INDEPENDENCE PROCESS

39
Q

WHAT WAS THE MOST IMPORTANT REASON FOR THE REPATRIATION OF EXILES AND THE RELEASE OF POLITICAL PRISONERS?

A

-IT WAS PART OF THE RESOLUTION 435
-TO TAKE PART IN ELECTIONS
-TO HELP REBUILD THE COUNTRY
-TO LIVE AMONG THEIR FAMILY AND FRIENDS AFTER YEARS OF CIVEL WAR

40
Q

DESCRIBE THE PROCESS OF INFORMING VOTERS

A

-UNTAG SET UP REGISTRATION POINTS ALL OVER THE COUNTRY
-PEOPLE WERE TAUGHT HOW TO REGISTER
-PEOPLE WERE MADE AWARE OF THEIR RIGHTS TO VOTE WITHOUT ANY INTIMIDATION

41
Q

DESCRIBE THE MAIN FEATURES OF THE NAMIBIAN PARLIAMENT

A

THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH
-INCHARGE OF CARRYING OUT PLANS OF THE GOVERNMENT ACCORDING TO THE ACTS PASSED BY THE PARLIAMENT

LEGISLATIVE
-THE PARLIAMENT MAKES OR CHANGES LAWS IN THE COUNTRY

JUDICIARY
-THE BODY THAT INTERPRETS THE LAWS

42
Q

HOW WAS DEMOCRACY ORESERVED IN NAMIBIA?

A

-BY ALLOWING ALL CITIZENS TO REGISTER AS VOTERS WHEN THEY ARE AT LEAST 18 YEARS OLD
-REGULAR ELECTIONS ARE HELD WHERE VOTERS FREELY CAST THEIR OPINIONS
-WHEN PEOPLE FEEL THEIR RIGHTS HAVE BEEN VIOLATED THEY HAVE THE RIGHT TO TAKE LEGAL ACTION

43
Q

what is apartheid?

A

a form of segregation where people were divided into different races, the white race was superior to the other people and different races had to live separately

44
Q

Name and briefly describe examples of apartheid laws

A

-the group areas act
– specific areas for specific race groups
-prohibition of mixed marriages act
–marriages between different races were not allowed
-separate amenities act
–public facilities were racially segregated, white got better facilities
-pass laws
– black people had to carry around passes that showed were someone was supposed to live and work

44
Q

what were the economic recommendations made by the odendaal plan?

A

-water & electricity:
–they planned to build a hydro-electric scheme at kunene and build a canal to provide water to communities
-transport:
– gravel roads were upgraded, some were tarred
-mining:
–they opened mines in tsumeb and oranjemund
-education facilities:
– more schools for black people were built

44
Q

what is the odendaal plan?

A
  • it was a policy of separate development which replaced apartheid in namibia. it was introduced by Dr. verwoerd. under the odendaal plan homelands would be created for different ethnic groups in namibia
44
Q

what were political recommendations made by the odendaal plan?

A

creation of homelands:
-1 kaokoland
2. hereroland
3. damaraland
4. ovamboland
5 .basterland

land:
- homelands covered only 40% of the entire country

minerals and farms:
-all these areas were occupied by white authorities only

45
Q

list the effects of the odendaal plan on namibians

A
  • separated communities into ethnic groups
    -whites were given the best fertile land
    -many people were sent into different areas
46
Q

how did the odendaal plan directly attack human rights?

A

-it was implemented without consulting namibian people

47
Q

why did the UN and SA clash?

A

-mainly on whether namibia was legally a mandated territory
-SA asked the UN to let naimibia be the fifth province of SA, when the UN refused SA put namibia under tis control
- SA was later on taken to the international court of justice by Ethiopia and Liberia

48
Q

why did SA decide to change directions?

A

-angola became independent
-swapo’s support was growing
-PLAN fighters became more active and put a lot of pressure on the SADF
-an economic sanction by the UN was threatening

49
Q

features of the turnhalle conference

A

-delegates were hand-picked by SA governemnt
-delegates were people who held official post at homelands
-the conference was dominated by white people

50
Q

why did SWAP, UN AND OAU refuse to recognise the turnhalle constitution/

A

-it was white dominated
-excluded the UN
-namibians were not represented by it

51
Q

Who were the five members of west contact group?

A

-britain, USA, west germany, france, canada

52
Q

what were the agreements between SA and the WCG?

A
  • SA WOULD NOT PUT THE TURNHALLE CONSTITIUTION IN PLACE
  • IT WOULD ALLOW UN SUPERVISED ELECTIONS TAKE PLACE
53
Q

WHAT WERE THE DEMANDS OF THE RESOLUTION 435?

A

-A CEASE-FIRE BETWEEN SA AND SWAPO FORCES IN NORTHENR NAMIBIA AND ANGOLA
-FOR SA TROOPS TO START LEAVING SWA
-FOR ELECTIONS THAT WERE ACCEOTED BY TH UN AS WELL AS SA
- FOR UN PEACE-FORCE TO SUPERVISE ELECTIONS

54
Q

WHAT WERE THE GROUPS THAT REPRESENTED THE MPC?

A

-SWANU
-SWAPO-D
-DTA
-DANARA TRIBAL COUNCIL
-REHOBOTH LIBERATION FRONT

55
Q

WHY THE MPC FAILED

A

-SWAPO BELIEVED IT WAS A POLITICAL PUPPET
-IT WASN’T SUPPORTED BY SWAPO

56
Q

AIMS OF MPC

A

-TO DRAW UP A NEW CONSTITUTION
-FOR SWAPO, UN AND OTHER COUNTRIES TO RECOGNISE IT
-TO LEAD NAMIBIA TO INDEPENDENCE THROUGH IT

57
Q

PROBLEMS WITH TGNU

A

-SA CHOSE LEADERS FROM MPC TO THE TGNU
-TGNU COULD MAKE LAWS HOWEVER THE ADMINISTRATOR GENERLA STILL HAD THE POWER TO VETO
-SA STILL HAD ULTIMATE POWER

58
Q

THE ROLE SWAPO PLAYED TO LIBERATE NAMIBIA

A

-IT TOOK UP AN ARMED STRUGGLE
-SET UP BASES IN ANGOLA

59
Q

WHY INDEPENDENT CHURCHES WERE FORMED

A

-AFRICANS EXPERIENCED RACISM IN WHITE CHURCHES
-WHITE CHURCHES USED THE BIBLE TO JUSTIFY SEGREGATION AND APARTHEID
-MISSION CHURCHES DIDNT’ UNDERSTAND AFRICAN VALUES AND NEEDS
- MISSION CHURCHES TAUGHT OBEDIENCE TO WHITE PEOPLE

60
Q

WHAT WERE THE AIMS OF THE REFERENDUM?

A
  • TO DETERMINE THE FEELINGS OF THE NAMIBIAN PEOPLE ABOUT SA RULE
    -TO LET THE WORLD KNOW WBOUT THE FEELINGS OF NAMIBIANS AFAINST SA
    -TO GIVE NAMIBIAN PEOPLE THE OPPOORTUNITY TO SAY WHETHER THEY WERE FOR OR AGAINST SA RULE
61
Q

WHY DID SA AGREE TO THE REFERENDUM?

A

-THEY THOUGHT THAT THE SA CHURCH LEADERS WOULD BE ABLE TO CONVINCE MEMBERS OF THE MISSION CHURCHES TO AGREE TO AND SUPPORT HIS CLAIM TO THE COURT

62
Q

WHAT WAS THE OUTCOME OF THE REFERENDUM?

A

IT SHOWED THAT:
- MAJORITY OF NAMIBIANS WERE AGAINST SA RULE
-THAT NAMIBIANS WERE IN THE FAVOUR OF THE ICJ RULING THAT SA WAS IN NAMIBIA ILLEGALLY

63
Q

DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN THE PURPOSES OF THE PATORAL LETTERS AND THE OPEN LETTERS

A

-PASTORAL LETTER WERE TO INDICATE CLEARLY TO THE CU=HURCH MEMBERS THAT THE CHURCH UNDERSTOOD THEIR SUFFERING UNDER SA RULE AND THAT IT WILL SPEAK FOR THEM
WHILE
OPEN LETTERS WERE TO INFORM SA GORVERNMENT AND THE WORLD OF THE RESULTS OF THE REFERENDUM

64
Q

LIST REASONS FOR THE STRIKE

A

-TO END CONTRACT LABOUR SYSTEM
-THEY WANTED BETTER WAGES
-FOR SOLUTIONS TO THE PROBLEMS CNOTRACT LABOUR HAD ON LIFE

65
Q

DURING THE STATE OF EMERGENCY THE FOLLOWING CAME INTO EFFECT:

A

-GATHERING OF MORE THAN FIVE PEOPLE WAS PROHIBITED
-DETENTION WITHOUT TRIAL WAS ALLOWED
-NO MOVEMENT FROM SUNSET TO SUNRISE

66
Q

WHAT WERE SA’S ATTEMPTS TO REPRESS THE CHURCHES

A

-SA EXPELLED LEADERS AND MISSIONARIES
-LEADERS WERE NTO ALLOWED TO GO WHERE EVER THEY PLEASED
-CHURCHES WERE ATTACKED AND BOMBED

67
Q

WHY WAS THE ECUMENICAL CHURCH ESTABLISHED?

A

-TO REPRESENT CHRISTIANS IN THE COUNTRY
-TO ACT AS AN EDUCATION, CULTURAL AND RELIGIOUS CENTRE

68
Q

WHY WAS THE COUNCIL OF CHURCHES IN NAMIBIA FORMED?

A

-TO BE RECOGNISED BY THE WCC
-TO BE TAKEN SERIOUSLY BY THE APARTHEID GOVERNEMNT
TO SUPPORT PEOPLE IN EXILE THROUGH OVERSEAS CONTACTS

69
Q

WHY WAS THE /AI-//GAMS DECLARATION ORGANIZED?

A

-TO UNITE DIFFERENT CHURCHES
-AN AGREED RESOLUTION WAS SIGNED BY DIFFERENT GROUPS

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