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N5 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Function of the nucleus

A

Controls all cell activities and contains DNA

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2
Q

Membrane function

A

Controls what substances can enter and leave the cell

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3
Q

Cytoplasm function

A

Where chemical reactions happen

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4
Q

Cell walls function

A

Gives cell shape and support

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5
Q

Vacuoles function

A

Stores cell sap

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6
Q

Mitochondria function

A

Site of aerobic respiration

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7
Q

Plasmid function?

A

Circular ring containing DNA

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8
Q

In what cells can a nucleus be found?

A

Animal
Plant
Fungi

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9
Q

What cells can the membrane be found in

A

Animal
Plant
Fungi
Bacterial

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10
Q

What cells can the cytoplasm be found in ?

A

Anima
Plat
Bacterial
Fungi

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11
Q

In what cells can a cell wall (with cellulose) be found in

A

Plant

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12
Q

In what cells can a cell wall (without cellulose) be found in

A

Bacteria
Fungal

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13
Q

In what cells can vacuoles be found in

A

Plant
Fungi

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14
Q

In what cells can mitochondria be found in

A

Animal
Plant
Fungi

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15
Q

In what cells can ribosomes be found in

A

Animal
Plant
Bacteria
Fungi

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16
Q

In what cells can plasmids be found in

A

Animal
Plant
Bacteria

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17
Q

Formula for calculating size of cells

A

Length/breadth divided by number of cells

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18
Q

What is the cell membrane composed of

A

Phospholipids and proteins

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19
Q

What 2 words would be used to describe a cell membrane

A

Selectively permeable

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20
Q

Define selectively permeable ?

A

It only allows the movement of some substances into the cell like small cells that can fit through

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21
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The movement of molecules down a concentration gradient from a higher concentration to a lower concentration

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22
Q

Why is diffusion important cells

A

It helps provide the cell with raw materials and helps to remove waste products

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23
Q

What enters the cell during diffusion

A

Oxygen and amino acids

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24
Q

What leaves the cell during diffusion

A

Carbon dioxide and urea

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25
Q

What is osmosis

A

The movement of water molecules from a higher water concentration to a lower water concentration. Through a selectively permeable membrane

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26
Q

What os active transport

A

The movement of molecules and ions from a lower concentration to a higher concentration against a concentration gradient

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27
Q

Active transport requires what and why

A

Requires energy to allow the proteins in the membrane to move the molecules against the concentration gradient

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28
Q

How would a DNA structure be described

A

A double stranded helix held by complementary base pairs

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29
Q

What are the 4 bases in DNA

A

Adenine
Thymine
Guanine
Cytosine

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30
Q

What do he bases in DNA form when put together

A

Complementary base pairs which means they only bond with certain pairs
A+t
G+C

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31
Q

What is a gene

A

A section of DNA which codes from a protein

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32
Q

What do long chains of amino acids make

A

Proteins

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33
Q

What do the sequence of bases determine

A

The amino acids sequence in proteins and the specific protein to be made

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34
Q

What is MRNA?

A

A molecule which carries complementry copy of the genetic code from the DNA in the nucleus to a ribosome where the protein is assembled from amino acids

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35
Q

Where are proteins made?

A

Ribosomes

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36
Q

What are the functions of proteins

A

Structural proteins - make p cell structures such as membranes
Enzymes - act as biological catalysts
Hormones - act as chemical messengers between cells
Antibodies - involved in body defences
Receptors - found in cell membranes and recognise specific substances

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37
Q

How is genetic information transferred from one cell to another

A

By genetic engineering

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38
Q

What is genetic engeneering used to do

A

To allow a species to make a protein that is normally made by another species

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39
Q

What does genetic engeneering allow

A

Pieces of chromosomes to be transferred from one species to another which then allows the recipient species to make new proteins

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40
Q

What are the 5 stages of genetic engineering

A

1- identify the section of DNA that contains the required gene for the source chromosome
2-extract the required gene / extract plasmid from the bacterial call
3-insert required gene into bacterial plasmid
4-insert plasmid into host bacterial cell
5- this produces a genetically modified organism (GM)

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41
Q

How must the chemical energy stored in glucose be released

A

By all cells through a series of enzyme controlled reactions called RESPIRATION

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42
Q

What does the energy used from the breakdown generate

A

ATP

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43
Q

What can the energy transferred by ATP be used fr

A

Cellular activities

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44
Q

What are the cellular activities produced with the energy from ATP?

A

Muscle cell contraction
Cell division
Protein synthesis
Transmission of nerve impulses

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45
Q

Where does aerobic respiration take place

A

In living cells when oxygen is present

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46
Q

Word equation from aerobic respiration

A

Glucose + oxygen —>carbon dioxide + water + energy

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47
Q

Aerobic respiration is a series…?

A

Of enzyme controlled reactions

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48
Q

What are the 2 stages of aerobic respiration

A

Breakdown of glucose
Breakdown of pyruvate

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49
Q

What are the details of stage 1 of aerobic respirations

A

Does not require oxygen
Occurs in the cytoplasm
Breaks down glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvate
Releases enough energy to make 2 ATP

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50
Q

What are the details of the second stage of aerobic respiration

A

Requires oxygen
Occurs in the mitochondria
Breaks down pyruvate into carbon dioxide and water
Releases enough energy to make many ATP

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51
Q

When does fermentation take place

A

In the absence of oxygen the fermentation pathway takes place

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52
Q

What is the word equation for fermentation in plant and fungal cells

A

Glucose —> carbon dioxide + ethanol + energy

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53
Q

Is the process of fermentation in the plant and fugal cells reversible?

A

No

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54
Q

Word equation for fermentation in animal cells

A

Glucose —> lactate + energy

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55
Q

Where does respiration begin

A

The cytoplasm

56
Q

Is the process of fermentation in animal cells reversible

A

Yes

57
Q

What do repirometers do

A

Measure teh rate of respiration

58
Q

What are enzymes

A

Biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions

59
Q

What happens to an enzyme after a reaction

A

Nothing they stay un changed

60
Q

What is the substance called of which an enzyme acts on

A

A substrate

61
Q

What is the site called that binds the substrate to specific molecules

A

Active site

62
Q

Enzymes are …? Because the shape of their active site is …? To the shape of its specific substrate

A

Specific
Complementary

63
Q

What is a degradation reaction

A

Is where one large substrate is broken down into smaller products

64
Q

What is a synthesis reaction

A

Where small substances are built up into a large product

65
Q

When are enzymes most active

A

In their optimum conditions

66
Q

What can enzymes and other proteins be affected by

A

Temperature and pH

67
Q

What temperature do enzymes normally work best in

A

37 degrees

68
Q

Denaturing an enzyme does what

A

Changes there shape which will affect the rate of reaction

69
Q

Why do enzymes denature

A

If they are exposed to an incorrect ph or temperature meaning the shape of the active site has changed

70
Q

What is the word equation for photosynthesis

A

Light energy
Carbon dioxide + water ——> sugar + oxygen

71
Q

What are the 2 stages of photosynthesis

A

Light reactions
Carbon fixation

72
Q

Stage 1 of photosynthesis ? In order

A

-light energy from the sun is trapped by chlorophyll in the chloroplasts
-light energy is converted into chemical energy which is used to generate ATP
-water is split to produce hydrogen and oxygen
-oxygen diffuses from the cell
-hydrogen and ATP are taken to the next stage

73
Q

Stage 2 of photosynthesis?

A
  • a series of enzyme controlled reactions
  • uses hydrogen and ATP with carbon dioxide to produce sugar
74
Q

How is the sugar from photosynthesis used ( 3 ways )

A

-Broken down during respiration to produce energy
-converted into starch which acts as an energy store
-converted into cellulose which cell walls are made from

75
Q

What is a limited factor

A

One that limits how fast a reaction can go if it is short supply

76
Q

What are the 3 limiting factors

A

Light intensity
Temprature
Carbon dioxide concentration

77
Q

What does the nucleus of a cell contain

A

DNA which is organised into chromosomes

78
Q

What is the chromosome compliment of a human?

A

46

79
Q

How many sets of chromosomes do humans have

A

23

80
Q

What is mitosis

A

The process of cell division

81
Q

What are new cells needed for

A

Growth and repair of damaged cells and maintains diploid chromosome complement

82
Q

What is the process of mitosis’s in order

A

-nucleus contains long uncoiled chromosomes which are difficult to see
-chromosomes make copies of themselves and become visible pairs of identical chromatids
-chromosomes line up along the equator , spindle fibres form at thee poles and attach to the centromeres
-spindle fibers pull chromatids apart from opposite poles of the cell
-daughter chromosomes gather at the poles of the cells
-cytoplasm divides forming 2 daughter cells which have the same diploid chromosome number as the parent cell

83
Q

Why is it important for daughter cels to be identical to the parent cell

A

It ensures that no genetic information is lost

84
Q

What are stem cells (in animals)

A

Unspecialised cells which can divide in order to self-renew

85
Q

What do stem cells have the potential to do

A

Become differnt types of cells ( stem cells are involved in repair and growth

86
Q

What are the 2 types of stem cells

A

Embryonic stem cells
Tissue. Stem cells

87
Q

Where are embryonic stem cells found and what is there potential?

A

Found in the very early stages in embryos
Have the potential to become nearly all cells in the body

88
Q

Where can tissue stem cells be found and what are there responsibilities

A

Found in tissues and organs of the body
Responsible for repair and growth

89
Q

What are the 3 types of cell types

A

Tissue
Organ
System

90
Q

Explain tissues

A

A group of cells with similar structure and function that all work together to do a particular job

91
Q

Explain organs

A

A group of differnt tissues working together to preform a specific job

92
Q

Explain systems

A

A group of differnt organs that work together to do a particular jog

93
Q

What does the nervous system consist of

A

Brain
Spinal cord

94
Q

Function of the cerebrum?

A

Memory
Thought
Intelligence
Reasoning

95
Q

Cerebellums function ?

A

Balance and muscle co ordination

96
Q

Function of medulla

A

Breathing rate and heart beat

97
Q

What carries mesages along neurons

A

Electrical impulses

98
Q

What are the 3 types of neurons (nerves)

A

Sensory
Inter
Motor

99
Q

Explain the sensory neuron?

A

Pass the info to the CNS rom a receptor in the senses

100
Q

Explain the inter neuron

A

Operate within the CNS which processes information from the senses that require a response

101
Q

Explain the motor neuron

A

Enable a response to occur at an effector

102
Q

What do receptors do

A

Detect a sensory input/stimuli from the receptor in he senses

103
Q

Where are effectors found and what do they do

A

Found in the muscles and glands
They carry out a response

104
Q

What is a reflex

A

A fast response to protect the body from harm

105
Q

What is a synapse

A

A tiny gap between neurons

106
Q

What does the endocrine gland do

A

Releases hormones into the bloodstream

107
Q

What are hormones

A

Chemical messengers

108
Q

What are hormones ade of

A

Protein and specifically affect target tissues

109
Q

How is a target tissue alone targeted

A

It has cells with complementary receptor proteins for specific hormones so only that tissue will be affected by these hormones

110
Q

How is a continuous supply of energy gained

A

Through respiration

111
Q

What 2 hormones re involved in controlling blood glucose levels

A

Insulin
Glucagon

112
Q

Where is insulin produced

A

By the pancreas and is carried in the blood to the target organ , liver

113
Q

What does insulin do

A

Causes teh liver to take up glucose from the blood and convert it to a storage carbohydrate called glycogen and therefore reduces the levels of glucose in the blood

114
Q

Where is glucagon produced

A

By the pancreas

115
Q

What does glucagon do

A

Causes the liver to convert the storage carbohydrate glycogen to glucose and therefore increases the levels of glucose in the blood

116
Q

Upper epidermis function

A

A transparent layer which allows sunlight to pass through to the cells blow

117
Q

Palisade mesophyll function

A

Closely packed cells which contain many chloroplasts the main site of photosynthesis

118
Q

Spongy mesophyll function

A

A lawyer of cells that contain may airspace’s where water gets evaporated

119
Q

Stomata function

A

Pores on the underside of the leaf which allow gas and exchange and escape of water Vapor

120
Q

Guard cell function?

A

2 cells which control the opening of the stomata

121
Q

Vein function?

A

Contains xylem and phloem for water and sugar transport

122
Q

What is a cell that has 2 matching sets of chromosomes called

A

Diploid

123
Q

What are sex cells called

A

Gametes

124
Q

How many sets of chromosomes do gametes have

A

1 (haploid)

125
Q

How do plants like flowers reproduce

A

The pollen is produced in the anther and the ovule is produced in the ovary they meet and reproduce

126
Q

What are the 2 gametes in humans called

A

Sperm
Egg

127
Q

What is fertilisation

A

The fusion of the nuclei of the 2 haploid gametes to produce a diploid zygote which divides into an embryo

128
Q

What is variation

A

Differences that can be seen between individual members of a species

129
Q

Describe continuous variation

A

Range of values between a minimum and a maximum
Controlled by more than one gene (polygenic)

130
Q

Describe discrete variation

A

Measurements fall into distinct groups
Controlled by a single gene

131
Q

What is an alleles

A

A different form of gene

132
Q

What is a genotype

A

The alleles that you have for different characteristics

133
Q

What is a phenotype

A

The outward physical appearance and depends on your genes type

134
Q

Describe homozygous

A

Individuals that have 2 of the same alleles for a gene

135
Q

Describe heterozygous

A

Individuals that have 2 different alleles for a gene

Biology (8 decks)

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