N368 Test 3 Diuretics, Electrolyte and Fluid Replacement, Vaccines, NSAIDs, Immunomodulators, and Antibiotics Flashcards
Loop Diuretics: name the classification and the mechanism of action
Diuretics and HTN: Act on ascending limb of the loop of Henle to block the reabsorption of sodium and water.
Loop Diuretics: name the major SEs
Hypokalemia, postural hypotension, tinnitis
Loop Diuretics: name two prototypes
Furosemide (Lasix) Bumetanide (Bumex)
Thiazides Diuretics: name the classification and the mechanism of action
Act on the early distal tubule to block the reabsorption of sodium and water.
Thiazide Diuretics: name the major SEs
Hypokalemia, dehydration, hypotension
Thiazide Diuretics: name the two prototypes
Chlorothiazide (Diuril) Hydrochlorothiazide (Microzide)
Potassium-Sparing Diuretics: name the classification and the mechanism of action
Act on the late distal tubule and collecting ducts to block the reabsorption of sodium while retaining the secretion of potassium
Potassium-Sparing Diuretics: name the major SEs
Hyperkalemia, dehydration, dysrhythmia (hyperkalemia), gynecomastia
Potassium-Sparing Diuretics: name the two prototypes
Spironolactone (Aldactone) Amiloride (Midamor)
Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor: name the classification and mechanism of action
Misc. Diuretic; to produce uresis by inhibiting carbonic anhydrase, a enzyme that affects acid-base balance by its ability to form carbonic acid (H2CO3) from water and carbondioxide (CO2); this inhibition promotes the direction making more CO2 and water, which will be excreted. Used for the management of open-angle glaucoma or other forms of ocular hypertension
Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor: name the major SEs
Dehydration, pancytopenia
pancytopenia
reduction in RBC, WBC, and PLTs
Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor: name the two prototype drugs
Acetazolamide (Diamox) Methazolamide (Neptazane)
_
Osmotic Diuretics: name the classification and the mechanism of action
Misc. Diuretics; Increases the osmotic pressure of the glomerular filtrate, thereby inhibiting reabsoprtion of water and electrolyte, and reduce plasma volume
Osmotic Diuretics: name the major SEs
__________Osmotic Diuretics
Misc. Diuretics; Increases the osmotic pressure of the glomerular filtrate, thereby inhibiting reabsoprtion of water and electrolyte, and reduce plasma volume
Fluid and electrolyte imbalances, thrombophlebitis
Osmotic Diuretics: name the two prototype drugs
_mannitol (Osmitrol)
glycerin(Colace, Osmoglyn)
____Colloids: name the classification and mechanism of action
fluid replacement agent; Provides colloidal oncotic pressure of blood, which serves to mobilize fluid from extravascular space into vascular system; expands plasma volume within minutes of administration
Colloids: name the major SEs
Hypertension, Fluid overload, cardiac failure
Colloids: name the major prototype drug
Albumin (Albuminar, plasbumin)
____Sodium bicarbonate: name the drug classification and mechanism of action
Agents to treat acidosis or bicarbonate deficiency
Sodium bicarbonate: name the major SEs
Metabolic Akalosis due to too much HCO3 infusion(confusion, irritability, slow HR); Hyperkalemia; Tx for metabolic alkalosis (give KCL or NH3CL, ammonium chloride)
sodium bicarbonate: name the prototypes
Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3)
_____Ammonium chloride: name the classification
Agents to treat alkalosis
Ammonium chloride: name the major SEs
Metabolic Acidosis due to too much loss of HCL
Ammonium chloride: name the prototype
Ammonium chloride
vaccines: what is the purpose?
Vaccines; provide weak antigen for disorder to human body, which can produce antibodies on their own. _produce active immunity
vaccines: what are the major SEs
pain and inflammation at injection site, transient fever or fatigue
vaccines: name the vaccines for hepB and HPV
Hepatitis B (Engerix-B, Recombivax HB); human papillomavirus (Gardasil)
Interferon: name the classification and mechanism of action
immunostimulant/biologic
response modifier; Natural antiviral and immunoregulatory properties produced by T cell.
Suppress cell division, increase phagocytic activity of macrophage, and promote cytotoxic activity of T cells; enhances or stimulates immune system to remove antigens; suppresses growth of cancer cells
interferon: name the major SEs
flu-like SXs
headache, N/V, immunosuppression, hepatotoxicity, suicidal ideation
interferon: name the two prototypes
(Roferon-A) interferon alfacon-1 (Infergen); interferon- beta-1a (Avonex, Rebif)
Antimetabolites: name the classification and mechanism of action
Immunosuppressant;
Inhibit DNA synthesis by inhibiting DNA polymerase during lymphocyte
replication —-> disrupt T cell function
Antimetabolites: name the major SEs
Severe nausea and vomiting, bone marrow suppression
Antimetabolites: name the prototypes
sirolimus (Rapamune) azathioprine (Imuran) methotrexate
Calcineurin inhibitors: name the classification and mechanism of action
mmunosuppressant; Bind to calcineurin, an intracellular messenger, and disrupt T cells (especially, T-helper cells)
Calcineurin inhibitors: name the major SEs
hypertension, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, **reduction in urine flow
Calcineurin inhibitors: name the prototype drugs
cyclosporine (Neoral, Sandimmune) tacrolimus (Prograf)
Name the three types of NSAIDs
ibuprofen, ASA=aspirin, COX-2 Inhibitors
Ibuprofen: name the class of drug and the mechanism of action
Non Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug
antipyretics, analgesics
work by inhibiting cox-1 and cox-2 decreasing pain and inflammation response
ibuprofen: major SEs
N/V
Ibuprofen: prototype drugs
Ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin, others)
ASA: name the classification and mechanism of action
Antiplatelet/ Anti-inflammatory; inhibiting both COX-1 and COX-2, therefore, inhibiting production of prostaglandins and decreasing platelet aggregation; providing analgesia and reducing inflammation & fiver response.
ASA: major SEs
Stomach pain, heartburn (tinnitus-prolonged use); Avoided to children s syndrome
ASA: prototype drugs
Asprin(acetylsalicylic acid, ASA)
Choline
slicylate( Arthropan)
Cox-2 Inhibitors: drug classification and mechanism of action
antirheumatics, nonsteroidal anti- inflammatory agents; Selectively inhibit the enzyme COX-2. This enzyme is required for synthesis of prostaglandins; hence Cox-2 Inhib. reduce pain and inflammation response
Cox-2 Inhibitor: major SEs
Dyspepsia, headache
COX-2 inhibitors: name the prototype
Celecoxib (Celebrex)
Glucocorticoids: name the classification and mechanism of action
antiasthmatics, corticosteroids, steroidal anti-inflammatory agents;
Inhibit inflammatory response by suppressing histamine and prostaglandins
Can inhibit immune system to reduce inflammation
Glucocorticoids: name the major SEs
__Suppression of adrenal- gland function, hyperglycemia
Glucocorticoids: name the prototypes
prednisone (Meticorten) hydrocortisone (Cortef, Hydrocortone, others)
Centrally Acting COX inhibitors example drug
acetaminophen which has NO ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECT
acetaminophen (NO ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECT): name the drug classification and mechanism of action
antipyretics, non-opioid analgesics; to reduce fever by direct action at level
of hypothalamus and dilation of peripheral blood vessels
acetaminophen (NO ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECT): name the major SEs
potential liver damage; though less gastric irritation than aspirin
acetaminophen (NO ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECT): name the prototype
Tylenol (acetaminophen)
PCN (Penicillins): name the classification and mechanism of action
anti-bacterial; antibiotics; to kill bacteria by disrupting their cell walls and allowing water to enter
PCN (Penicillins): name the major SEs
allergic rxn (rash, fever) Diarrhea
PCN (Penicillins): name prototype drugs
penicillin G (Pentids) amoxicillin (Amoxil, Trimox)
Cephalosporin; cell wall inhibitors: name the classification and mechanism of action
anti-bacterial; antibiotics; act by attaching to PCN-binding protein receptor to inhibit bacterial cell-wall synthesis
Cephalosporin; cell wall inhibitors: name the major SEs
Abdominal cramping, pseudomonas colitis, nephrotoxicity
Cephalosporin; cell wall inhibitors: name prototypes
cefotaxime (Claforan) cefadroxil (Duricef)
Tetracycline, protein synthesis inhibitor: name the classification and mechanism of action
anti-bacterial; antibiotics; inhibit bacterial protein synthesis, slow microbial growth and exert BACTERIOSTATIC EFFECT
Tetracycline, protein synthesis inhibitor: name the major SEs
superinfections = i.e., killing natural flora in gut leading to C. difficile infection
Tetracycline, protein synthesis inhibitor: name the
tetracycline HCL (Achromycin, others) _demeclocycline (Declomycin)
Macrolide, protein synthesis inhibitor: name the classification and mechanism of action
anti-bacterial; antibiotics; inhibit protein synthesis by binding to the bacterial ribosome; to act as spectrum similar to that of penicillins
Macrolide, protein synthesis inhibitor: name the major SEs
nausea, abdominal cramping, Most severe is hepatotoxicity
Macrolide, protein synthesis inhibitor: name the prototypes
erythromycin (E- Mycin, Erythrocin) azithromycin (Zithromax, Z-Pak)
Aminoglycoside, protein synthesis inhibitors: name the classification and mechanism of action
anti-bacterial; antibiotics; to act as broad-spectrum, bacteriocidal antibiotic, inhibit bacterial protein synthesis
Aminoglycoside, protein synthesis inhibitors: name the major SEs
ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity
Aminoglycoside, protein synthesis inhibitors: name the prototypes
ciprofloxacin (Cipro)
Moxifloxacin (Avelox)
Sulfonamide: name the drug class and the mechanism of action
anti-bacterial; antibiotics; to kill bacteria by inhibiting bacterial metabolism of folic acid
Sulfonamide: name the major SEs
skin rashes agranulocytosis or thrombocytopenia
Sulfonamide: name the prototypes
trimethoprim- sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim, Septra) sulfadiazine (Microsulfon)
Anti-MRSA drug treatment
Vancomycin (Vancocin)
Vancomycin (Vancocin): name the major SEs
ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity
Vancomycin (Vancocin): name the mechanism of action and drug classification
Anti-MRSA treatment Antibiotics; Bactericidal action is due to inhibition of cell wall biosynthesis and inhibition of bacterial cell membrane permeability
Isoniazid (INH, Nydrazid) Pyrazinamide(PZA): Name the indication
Anti-TB
Isoniazid (INH, Nydrazid) Pyrazinamide(PZA): Name the indication: name the mechanism of action
Anti-TB meds; Act by interfering with biosynthesis of bacterial proteins, nucleic acid, and lipids, Exerts bacteriostatic action against actively growing tubercle bacilli
Isoniazid (INH, Nydrazid) Pyrazinamide(PZA): Name the indication: name major SEs
Nausea, vomiting, Hepatotoxicity
