N368 Final AntiInfectives Flashcards
1
Q
The presence and growth of a micro-organism that produces tissue damage (depends on # and virulence of organism
A
Infection
2
Q
What are five classic symptoms of Infection?
A
1) inflammation 2) Pain 3) heat, 4) redness, 5) swelling
3
Q
This is an educated guess based on probability that drug will work
A
Empiric Therapy
4
Q
Preventative, before surgery
A
Prophylactic Therapy
5
Q
Decrease in S & S to Antibiotic compared to baseline
A
Therapeutic Response
6
Q
not enough of a dose
A
Sub Therapeutic
7
Q
Too high of a dose, may lead to kidney damage
A
Toxicity
8
Q
How do you test for Kidney damage?
A
BUN test - creatine
9
Q
age, organ function, pregnant? allergy HX,
A
Host factors
10
Q
This will destroy the pathogen w/out hurting host, specific to organism, body does not develop resistance
A
Ideal Anti-microbial
11
Q
Antibiotics may be classified as what two things?
A
Bactericidal or Bacteriostatic
12
Q
Antibiotic type that does not change the growth or development of the organism.
A
Bacteriostatic
13
Q
Antibiotic type that causes Suicide, homicide of the micro-organism, kills the organism
A
Bactericidal
14
Q
Some antibiotics can be both? T or F
A
T
15
Q
What is the actions of Antibiotics?
A
1) inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis 2) Disrupts cell membrane function 3) inhibits protein synthesis 4) inhibits nucleic acid production 5) interferes with metabolism
16
Q
Dose shape affect classification?
A
yes
17
Q
Gram stain purple = ?
A
Gram positive
18
Q
Gram stain red = ?
A
Gram Negative
19
Q
Doesn’t matter if bacteria has been exposed before
A
Inherent
20
Q
Dependent on exposure, bacteria mutates and leaves
A
Acquired
21
Q
How does bacterial resistance occur?
A
Not strong enough dose, bacteria lives and adapts
22
Q
What are three adverse effects of antimicrobials?
A
1) toxicity 2) allergic reaction 3) Superinfection
23
Q
This eliminates or reduces normal flora
A
Superinfection
24
Q
What are two interactions that are important to think about when administering Antimicrobial drugs?
A
Food-drug and Drug-Drug
25
What are five nursing considerations with antimicrobial therapy that must be considered?
1) match drug to bug-identification 2) Assess for infection-a) inflammation b) Health problems c) possible drug allergies d) Hx of exposure e) baseline assessment of organs that may be affected by drug
3) Educating the patient- a) virus = no antibiotics b) daytime med regimen - meals 4) monitor the effects of drug therapy a) Decrease in WBC b) Decrease in fever c) BUN creatine
5) Education about misuse of antibiotics - COST
26
What are Five defense mechanisms of the body toward acquiring an infection?
1) Cilated mucous secretions/membranes
2) Intact skin
3) Mechanical- tears, itching, coughing
4) Phagocytic cell
5) Immune and inflammatory response
27
What are some reasons that a micro-organism might be able to invade the body?
1) Breaks in the skin - first line of defense
2) Impaired blood supply
3) Neutropedia - decrease WBC
4) malnourished
5) Poor personal hygiene
6) Suppression of indigidous flora - superinfection
7) Suppression of immune system and inflammatory response
8) Chronic Cortico-steriod therapy - slow healing
9) diabetes and other chronic illnesses
10) old age
28
What are some important teaching points for the patient?
1) Sleep 2) Handwashing 3)Anti-biotic therapy is individualized 4) Eating 5) Brush teeth and bathing 6)
29
This is used to treat an UTI infection, contra-indicated to pregnant women, and patients with renal failure, Must teach patient to wipe from front to back
Sulfonamides
30
Interferes with folic acid production to prevent multiplication of new bacteria
Sulfonamides
31
Sulfonamides are often combined with
Trimethoprim/Bactrim DS Septra
32
What are two types of white blood cells?
Neutrophils and Leukocytes
33
This is naturally occurring, and is used to treat Strep throat, Pneumonia, and Gonorrhea. It is also called _______________?
Penicillin, Beta Lactum Antibiotics
34
This inhibits synthesis of the bacteria cell wall,
Penicillin mechanism of action
35
What is the injectable form of penicillin called?
Penicillin G
36
This is given so the patient does not become resistant to methacillin?
Penicillinase
37
This form of penicillin is semi-synthetic and is easier on the stomach?
Ampicillin
38
When should penicillin be given to the patient?
1hr before meal or 1hr after meal, also must take w/glass of water
39
If given IV, how many mL should be given?
50-100 mL
40
What is the most common antibiotic allergy, medicine? What percentage of the population?
Penicillin, 5 % of pop, 5% of them will have a severe response so .25 of pop
41
This type of medication is structurally similar to penicillin, also a beta lactum?
Cephalosporin
42
What is the mechanism of action for Cephalosporin?
Inhibits synthesis of the bacterial cell wall
43
What are two types of Cephalosporins?
Ancef, Rocephin
44
What might be an indicator that a patient is allergic to a Cephalosporin?
If the pt is also allergic to penicillin
45
How are Cephalosporins used?
as penicillin beta lactamase inhibitor
46
This type of medication is a broad spectrum, not to be given to pregnant females nor children under 8 yrs old
Tetracyclines
47
What are two forms of Tetracyclines
Doxycycline, Minocycline (minocin)
48
This medication is used for Cholera, Rocky-mt spotted fever, and Lyme Disease
Tetracycline
49
If used this drug is more likely to cause a superinfection than any other antibiotic?
Tetracycline
50
This drug is not to be used w/penicillin or Cephalosporins?
Tetracyclines
51
This drug causes teeth coloration (THRUSH) and bone growth to decrease in children under 8? This drug also interacts with dairy products.
Tetracycline
52
This is an antibiotic that is used to great aerobic, gram-negative bacteria? It is ineffective against Anaerobic bacteria, viruses, and fungi.
Aminoglycosides
53
This drug is only used for serious infections when nothing else will work, Must monitor blood serum levels closely,
Aminoglycosides
54
This drug will damage hearing and kidney function. Must do a blood test to determine the amt of drug in the blood of the GI tract. This test can be administered __________ after administration.
Aminoglycosides, 1hr
55
This drug is given parentally or rectally. What Lab work must be done?
aminoglycosides, BUN and Creatine, if BUN is inc. then that is bad
56
This drug permanently alters the DNA of the bacteria and kills it.
Quinolones
57
How are quinolones administered?
IV, PO
58
What are three types of Quinolones?
1) Ciproflaxin - Cipro
2) Levofloxacin - Levaquin
3) Ofloxacin - Do not give to pregnant patient
59
This drug should not be given to pregnant women nor to pt under 16 years old.
Quinolones
60
This drug is used for Respiratory, urinary, and skin infections (STD)
Quinolones
61
Quinolones are administered) ________ times a day?
1
62
This drug is a substitute for pt that are allergic to penicillin? Has the same uses as penicillin, (pneumonia, strep, gonorrhea)
Macrolides
63
This drug may be either bacteriostatic or Bactericida
Macrolides
64
This drug should not be given to pt with liver disease?
Macrolides
65
What are three types of Macrolides?
1) Erthromycin,
2) Azithromycin = Z-Pak
3) Clarithromycin
66
What is another name for Clarithromycin?
Biaxin
67
What is another name for Azithromycin?
Zithromycin
68
What is a common s/e of Erthromycin that makes pt respond by not taking their medication?
Diarrhea
69
How often is Erthromycin given?
3x/day
70
This medication is good against anaerobes, alcohol should not be drank, given PO, HO-IV,
Metronidazole
71
What is the trade name for Metronidazole?
Flagyl
72
This drug is given to treat MRSA? 2x/day, peak and trough must be monitored!
Vancomycin
73
This drug is used for bone marrow depression, and it is the drug of Choice for Typhoid Fever
Chloramphenicol
74
This is a slow growing organism. May cause systemic infections or may affect parts of the body such as the skin, nails, hair, difficult to treat bacterial infection
Fungi
75
Anti-fungal drugs act by interfering with the __________
Synthesis of ergosterol
76
This is a chemical found in fungal cell membranes
Ergosterol
77
This is also known as ringworm" or athletes foot"
Tinea Corporis
78
This is type of infection can not be treated with antibiotics?
Fungal Infection
79
This type of infection causes Thrush, or yeast infection
Candidiasis
80
This infection is caused by breathing in spores
Histoplasmosis
81
This infection causes Jock Itch
Tinea cruris
82
This medication is to fight a fungal infection is life threatening, requires careful monitoring b/c it is given IV for systemic infection
Amphotericin B
83
What is another name for Amphotericin B
Fungizone IV
84
This medication is given to treat skin, mouth, vagina, and intestinal tract
Nystatin (Mycostatin)
85
This medication is given to AIDS pt for skin infections
Ketoconzole (Nizoral)
86
These two medications are given for yeast infections of the vagina, mouth and skin. ringworm, jock itch, athletes foot
Clotrimazone (Lotrimin), or Griseofulvin
87
This is among the simplest living organisms, must enter cells to sustain their growth and to reproduce or multiply, They act as intracellular parasites.
Viruses
88
Viral diseases may often be controlled by ?
Vaccinations
89
What are three types of viruses that have no vaccination?
1) HSV 1 and 2
| 2) papilloma
90
What type of virus is the common cold?
Acute
91
What type of virus is herpes, AIDS
Chronic Viral infection
92
What type of virus is Alzheimer's?
Slow growing
93
Many viruses cannot be treated with antivirals because?
It will damage the host cell.
94
These two medications are given for influenza?
Amantadine (Symmetrel) & Rimantadine (Flumadine)
95
This alters uneffected cells and makes them resistant
Interferon alpha
96
what is the first drug to be effective against HIV/AIDS?
AZT (Zidovudine)
97
What is a drug that is used to prevent a herpes breakout? It reduces the inflammation and improves healing if a breakout occurs.
Acyclovir (Zovirax)
98
The presence and growth of a micro-organism that produces tissue damage (depends on # and virulence of organism
Infection
99
What are five classic symptoms of Infection?
1) inflammation 2) Pain 3) heat, 4) redness, 5) swelling
100
This is an educated guess based on probability that drug will work
Empiric Therapy
101
Preventative, before surgery
Prophylactic Therapy
102
Decrease in S & S to Antibiotic compared to baseline
Therapeutic Response
103
not enough of a dose
Sub Therapeutic
104
Too high of a dose, may lead to kidney damage
Toxicity
105
How do you test for Kidney damage?
BUN test - creatine
106
age, organ function, pregnant? allergy HX,
Host factors
107
This will destroy the pathogen w/out hurting host, specific to organism, body does not develop resistance
Ideal Anti-microbial
108
Antibiotics may be classified as what two things?
Bactericidal or Bacteriostatic
109
Antibiotic type that does not change the growth or development of the organism.
Bacteriostatic
110
Antibiotic type that causes Suicide, homicide of the micro-organism, kills the organism
Bactericidal
111
Some antibiotics can be both? T or F
T
112
What is the actions of Antibiotics?
1) inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis 2) Disrupts cell membrane function 3) inhibits protein synthesis 4) inhibits nucleic acid production 5) interferes with metabolism
113
Dose shape affect classification?
yes
114
Gram stain purple = ?
Gram positive
115
Gram stain red = ?
Gram Negative
116
Doesn't matter if bacteria has been exposed before
Inherent
117
Dependent on exposure, bacteria mutates and leaves
Acquired
118
How does bacterial resistance occur?
Not strong enough dose, bacteria lives and adapts
119
What are three adverse effects of antimicrobials?
1) toxicity 2) allergic reaction 3) Superinfection
120
This eliminates or reduces normal flora
Superinfection
121
What are two interactions that are important to think about when administering Antimicrobial drugs?
Food-drug and Drug-Drug
122
What are five nursing considerations with antimicrobial therapy that must be considered?
1) match drug to bug-identification 2) Assess for infection-a) inflammation b) Health problems c) possible drug allergies d) Hx of exposure e) baseline assessment of organs that may be affected by drug
3) Educating the patient- a) virus = no antibiotics b) daytime med regimen - meals 4) monitor the effects of drug therapy a) Decrease in WBC b) Decrease in fever c) BUN creatine
5) Education about misuse of antibiotics - COST
123
What are Five defense mechanisms of the body toward acquiring an infection?
1) Cilated mucous secretions/membranes
2) Intact skin
3) Mechanical- tears, itching, coughing
4) Phagocytic cell
5) Immune and inflammatory response
124
What are some reasons that a micro-organism might be able to invade the body?
1) Breaks in the skin - first line of defense
2) Impaired blood supply
3) Neutropedia - decrease WBC
4) malnourished
5) Poor personal hygiene
6) Suppression of indigidous flora - superinfection
7) Suppression of immune system and inflammatory response
8) Chronic Cortico-steriod therapy - slow healing
9) diabetes and other chronic illnesses
10) old age
125
What are some important teaching points for the patient?
1) Sleep 2) Handwashing 3)Anti-biotic therapy is individualized 4) Eating 5) Brush teeth and bathing 6)
126
This is used to treat an UTI infection, contra-indicated to pregnant women, and patients with renal failure, Must teach patient to wipe from front to back
Sulfonamides
127
Interferes with folic acid production to prevent multiplication of new bacteria
Sulfonamides
128
Sulfonamides are often combined with
Trimethoprim/Bactrim DS Septra
129
What are two types of white blood cells?
Neutrophils and Leukocytes
130
This is naturally occurring, and is used to treat Strep throat, Pneumonia, and Gonorrhea. It is also called _______________?
Penicillin, Beta Lactum Antibiotics
131
This inhibits synthesis of the bacteria cell wall,
Penicillin mechanism of action
132
What is the injectable form of penicillin called?
Penicillin G
133
This is given so the patient does not become resistant to methacillin?
Penicillinase
134
This form of penicillin is semi-synthetic and is easier on the stomach?
Ampicillin
135
When should penicillin be given to the patient?
1hr before meal or 1hr after meal, also must take w/glass of water
136
If given IV, how many mL should be given?
50-100 mL
137
What is the most common antibiotic allergy, medicine? What percentage of the population?
Penicillin, 5 % of pop, 5% of them will have a severe response so .25 of pop
138
This type of medication is structurally similar to penicillin, also a beta lactum?
Cephalosporin
139
What is the mechanism of action for Cephalosporin?
Inhibits synthesis of the bacterial cell wall
140
What are two types of Cephalosporins?
Ancef, Rocephin
141
What might be an indicator that a patient is allergic to a Cephalosporin?
If the pt is also allergic to penicillin
142
How are Cephalosporins used?
as penicillin beta lactamase inhibitor
143
This type of medication is a broad spectrum, not to be given to pregnant females nor children under 8 yrs old
Tetracyclines
144
What are two forms of Tetracyclines
Doxycycline, Minocycline (minocin)
145
This medication is used for Cholera, Rocky-mt spotted fever, and Lyme Disease
Tetracycline
146
If used this drug is more likely to cause a superinfection than any other antibiotic?
Tetracycline
147
This drug is not to be used w/penicillin or Cephalosporins?
Tetracyclines
148
This drug causes teeth coloration (THRUSH) and bone growth to decrease in children under 8? This drug also interacts with dairy products.
Tetracycline
149
This is an antibiotic that is used to great aerobic, gram-negative bacteria? It is ineffective against Anaerobic bacteria, viruses, and fungi.
Aminoglycosides
150
This drug is only used for serious infections when nothing else will work, Must monitor blood serum levels closely,
Aminoglycosides
151
This drug will damage hearing and kidney function. Must do a blood test to determine the amt of drug in the blood of the GI tract. This test can be administered __________ after administration.
Aminoglycosides, 1hr
152
This drug is given parentally or rectally. What Lab work must be done?
aminoglycosides, BUN and Creatine, if BUN is inc. then that is bad
153
This drug permanently alters the DNA of the bacteria and kills it.
Quinolones
154
How are quinolones administered?
IV, PO
155
What are three types of Quinolones?
1) Ciproflaxin - Cipro
2) Levofloxacin - Levaquin
3) Ofloxacin - Do not give to pregnant patient
156
This drug should not be given to pregnant women nor to pt under 16 years old.
Quinolones
157
This drug is used for Respiratory, urinary, and skin infections (STD)
Quinolones
158
Quinolones are administered) ________ times a day?
1
159
This drug is a substitute for pt that are allergic to penicillin? Has the same uses as penicillin, (pneumonia, strep, gonorrhea)
Macrolides
160
This drug may be either bacteriostatic or Bactericida
Macrolides
161
This drug should not be given to pt with liver disease?
Macrolides
162
What are three types of Macrolides?
1) Erthromycin,
2) Azithromycin = Z-Pak
3) Clarithromycin
163
What is another name for Clarithromycin?
Biaxin
164
What is another name for Azithromycin?
Zithromycin
165
What is a common s/e of Erthromycin that makes pt respond by not taking their medication?
Diarrhea
166
How often is Erthromycin given?
3x/day
167
This medication is good against anaerobes, alcohol should not be drank, given PO, HO-IV,
Metronidazole
168
What is the trade name for Metronidazole?
Flagyl
169
This drug is given to treat MRSA? 2x/day, peak and trough must be monitored!
Vancomycin
170
This drug is used for bone marrow depression, and it is the drug of Choice for Typhoid Fever
Chloramphenicol
171
This is a slow growing organism. May cause systemic infections or may affect parts of the body such as the skin, nails, hair, difficult to treat bacterial infection
Fungi
172
Anti-fungal drugs act by interfering with the __________
Synthesis of ergosterol
173
This is a chemical found in fungal cell membranes
Ergosterol
174
This is also known as ringworm" or athletes foot"
Tinea Corporis
175
This is type of infection can not be treated with antibiotics?
Fungal Infection
176
This type of infection causes Thrush, or yeast infection
Candidiasis
177
This infection is caused by breathing in spores
Histoplasmosis
178
This infection causes Jock Itch
Tinea cruris
179
This medication is to fight a fungal infection is life threatening, requires careful monitoring b/c it is given IV for systemic infection
Amphotericin B
180
What is another name for Amphotericin B
Fungizone IV
181
This medication is given to treat skin, mouth, vagina, and intestinal tract
Nystatin (Mycostatin)
182
This medication is given to AIDS pt for skin infections
Ketoconzole (Nizoral)
183
These two medications are given for yeast infections of the vagina, mouth and skin. ringworm, jock itch, athletes foot
Clotrimazone (Lotrimin), or Griseofulvin
184
This is among the simplest living organisms, must enter cells to sustain their growth and to reproduce or multiply, They act as intracellular parasites.
Viruses
185
Viral diseases may often be controlled by ?
Vaccinations
186
What are three types of viruses that have no vaccination?
1) HSV 1 and 2
| 2) papilloma
187
What type of virus is the common cold?
Acute
188
What type of virus is herpes, AIDS
Chronic Viral infection
189
What type of virus is Alzheimer's?
Slow growing
190
Many viruses cannot be treated with antivirals because?
It will damage the host cell.
191
These two medications are given for influenza?
Amantadine (Symmetrel) & Rimantadine (Flumadine)
192
This alters uneffected cells and makes them resistant
Interferon alpha
193
what is the first drug to be effective against HIV/AIDS?
AZT (Zidovudine)
194
What is a drug that is used to prevent a herpes breakout? It reduces the inflammation and improves healing if a breakout occurs.
Acyclovir (Zovirax)
