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Nursing N368 Pharmacology I > N368 Final Immunmodulators and Antibiotics > Flashcards

N368 Final Immunmodulators and Antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q

immunomodulator

A

can increase or decrease the immune system

ex: CYCLOsporine

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2
Q

ex have transplanted organ to prevent resistance you would use

A

immunomodulator

ex: CYCLOsporine

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3
Q

Immunoglobulins

A

passive immunity; antibody

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4
Q

immunostimulants

A

interferon - stimulates body defenses so that microbes or cancer cells can be more effectively attacked

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5
Q

immunosuppressant

A 
suppress body defenses to prevent transplanted organ from being rejected
*glucocorticoid 
*antibodies
antimetablites
*calcineric
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6
Q

nonspecific body defense

A

called innate defense
barrier to microbes
GENERAL RESPONSES THAT ARE NOT SPECIFIC TO A PARTICULAR THREAT - EX PHAGOCYTE, NATURAL KILLERS

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7
Q

kinin system

A

releases cytokine to provide antiviral property

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8
Q

Second line of defense in body

A

IMMUNE RESPONSE

*B cell and T cell

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9
Q

B cell are initially _____

A
  • immunocomputent

* mature when specific to an antigen

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10
Q

plasma cell is a ________ B cell

A

mature B cell

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11
Q

plasma cells produce what TWO things?

A

IMMUNOGLOBULINGS - IgM, IgG, IgE, IgA

Initially will have IgM
then as recovering you will have IgE
IgA found in secretion glands

Also produces MEMORY CELLS

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12
Q

MEMORY CELLS DO WHAT?

A

TAKES 10 DAYS MAKING ENOUGH IgM and IgG normally, but the memory cells allow for an acceleration of this

Can only be activated if exposed to the particular programmed antigen

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13
Q

Booster shots are necessary for?

A

because overtime memory cell numbers decrease, vaccine schedules usually requires 4 shots

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14
Q

T cells

A
  1. HELPER T Cell: activates other T cells and communicates with B cells
  2. Cytotoxic Te Cells: travel through body killing pathogens and cancer
  3. Suppressor T cell
  4. Memory T cell
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15
Q

Why is HIV so problematic?

A

because it targets helper T cells

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16
Q

Suppressor T cell

A

down regulate antibody for self antigen; so your body does not attack itself

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17
Q

Cytokines do what to macrophages

A

enhance killing power of macrophage

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18
Q

Active immunity requires?

A
  • exposure to antigen
  • Attenuated or inactivate antigen for vaccine then the human will make antibody specific to the antigen; this first exposure makes memory cells for the antigen to help boost antibody production faster when exposed to pathogen.
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19
Q

Passive Immunity is obtained

A

when breast fed getting IgA passively which is an antibody and not the antigen, so cannot make memory cells

or when artificially it fades within 4-6 months USED FOR IMMUNOSUPPRESSED PEOPLE

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20
Q

CMV, HepB, RhGAM (baby and mother difference), Tetanus, Rabies are examples of diseases that need what pharmacologic intervention.

A

immunoglobulins

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21
Q

Passive immunity

A

only good for 4-6 months

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22
Q

MMR is an example of what type of vaccine

A

Active

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23
Q

inactivated vaccine examples

A

polio
influenza
HepA

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24
Q

HibTITER requires how many shots?

A

4 series

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25
HepB vaccine
Recombivax HD, 3 Shots
26
MMR is a live vaccine and requires how many shots
2 shots at 15 months and age 4-6
27
Poliovirus
inactivated (IPOL) 4th does is final should be after 4th birthday
28
Influenza vaccine during the first requires what which is unusual when compared to adults?
two shots
29
hepatitis B schedule
schedule birth 2 months and 6 months
30
interferon and prototype drugs
goes to the neighboring uninfected cells and signal them to secrete antiviral protein a. interferon alpha 2a b. interferon beta c. interleukins
31
interferon alpha Tx requires what schedules
3x/wk can be used to treat cancers, non-hodgkins, or malignant melanoma AE - hepatoxicity
32
immunosuppressant you want to give
to transplant patients
33
Transplant rejection often occurs because
cell-mediated response T-cells usually takes a few months an acute response then it is not coming from T cells
34
Glucocorticoids
anti-inflammatory responses suppress histamine and prostaglandins can inhibit immune system to reduce inflammation Primarily used short term 4-10 days, ex prednisone Long term treatment: if someone has an inflammatory disease then give low doses some doctors ALTERNATE DOSES small one day larger the next
35
Prednisone
``` AE - **cushings syndrome** with long term use, hyperglycemia and easily bruise; **mood changes**; **osteoporosis** Long term (and sometime short term) therapy very important to taper the PT down otherwise the adrenal cortex will not be ready because it is not making it due to negative feedback. Addison disease if don't taper (cortisol insufficiency) ```
36
antibodies drugs
to provide passive immunity | Targets human T-cell
37
Antimetabolites
ex: cytoxan, Rheumatrex | AE bone marrow suppression
38
calcineurin inhibitors
HTN, hepatoxicity, and nephrotoxicity (must monitor this)
39
cyclosporin lab values to check
assess for serum creatinine (due to renal insufficiency)
40
Pathogens include
bacteria, virus, fungi, or multicellular organisms
41
what do you have to use to fight fungal infections
antifungal
42
to cause infection pathogens must bypass
first and second lines
43
Virulence
potency of virus; disease producing potential in small numbers can cause disease then highly virulent
44
two ways cause disease
invasiveness | toxin production
45
basic shapes of bacteria
bacilli cocci spirilla
46
gram positive
THICK CELL WALL, stain shows purple color | ex bacteria: staphylococci, streptococci, entercocci
47
anti-infective drugs
antibacterial, antimicrobic, and antiviral
48
if a drug destroys bacteria then we call it
bacterialcidal
49
if the drug growth of bacteria then we call it
bacteriostatic
50
Major pharmacological classification of antibiotics
``` 7 major: penicillin cephallosporin aminoglycoside - protein synthesis inhibitor macrolide tetracycline fluoroquinolone ```
51
mechanisms of action of antibiotics
cell-wall inhibitor, protein synthesis inhibitor, folic acid inhibitor
52
penicillin
cell wall inhibitor gram positive bacteria Tx syphillis/gonorrhea
53
Cephalosporin
cell wall inhibitor: gram positive and gram negative
54
aminoglycoside
protein synthesis inhibitor | Gram negative aerobics
55
macrolide high dose
protein synthesis | gram positive and negative
56
fluoroquiniolone
DNA synth inhibitor | Gram positive and negative
57
sulfaonamidea
anti-metabolites, especially inhibits folic acid
58
Bacteriostatic
Tetracycline: protein synthesis inhibitor; G (+) G(-); Tx for chlamydia Macrolide low dose: protein synthesis inhibitor; G(+) and G(-)
59
penicillin AE
diarrhea, nausea, vomitting
60
three major beta-lactamase inhibitors
Clavulanate Sulbactam Tazobactam
61
Cephalosporin drugs
inhibit bacterial cell-wall synthesis Primary use: both gram positive as well as gram-negative organisms for serious infections of lower respiratory tract, central nervous system, genitourinary system (gonorrhea treatment), bones, blood, and joints Prototype drug: cefotaxime (Claforan) Adverse effects: hypersensitivity, anaphylaxis, diarrhea, vomiting, nausea, pain at injection site, pseudomonas colitis, nephrotoxicity Contraindication: who experiencing allergy reaction to PCN

Nursing N368 Pharmacology I (16 decks)

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