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Nursing N368 Pharmacology I > N368 Final Immunmodulators and Antibiotics > Flashcards

N368 Final Immunmodulators and Antibiotics Flashcards

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1
Q

immunomodulator

A

can increase or decrease the immune system

ex: CYCLOsporine

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2
Q

ex have transplanted organ to prevent resistance you would use

A

immunomodulator

ex: CYCLOsporine

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3
Q

Immunoglobulins

A

passive immunity; antibody

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4
Q

immunostimulants

A

interferon - stimulates body defenses so that microbes or cancer cells can be more effectively attacked

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5
Q

immunosuppressant

A 
suppress body defenses to prevent transplanted organ from being rejected
*glucocorticoid 
*antibodies
antimetablites
*calcineric
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6
Q

nonspecific body defense

A

called innate defense
barrier to microbes
GENERAL RESPONSES THAT ARE NOT SPECIFIC TO A PARTICULAR THREAT - EX PHAGOCYTE, NATURAL KILLERS

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7
Q

kinin system

A

releases cytokine to provide antiviral property

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8
Q

Second line of defense in body

A

IMMUNE RESPONSE

*B cell and T cell

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9
Q

B cell are initially _____

A
  • immunocomputent

* mature when specific to an antigen

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10
Q

plasma cell is a ________ B cell

A

mature B cell

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11
Q

plasma cells produce what TWO things?

A

IMMUNOGLOBULINGS - IgM, IgG, IgE, IgA

Initially will have IgM
then as recovering you will have IgE
IgA found in secretion glands

Also produces MEMORY CELLS

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12
Q

MEMORY CELLS DO WHAT?

A

TAKES 10 DAYS MAKING ENOUGH IgM and IgG normally, but the memory cells allow for an acceleration of this

Can only be activated if exposed to the particular programmed antigen

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13
Q

Booster shots are necessary for?

A

because overtime memory cell numbers decrease, vaccine schedules usually requires 4 shots

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14
Q

T cells

A
  1. HELPER T Cell: activates other T cells and communicates with B cells
  2. Cytotoxic Te Cells: travel through body killing pathogens and cancer
  3. Suppressor T cell
  4. Memory T cell
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15
Q

Why is HIV so problematic?

A

because it targets helper T cells

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16
Q

Suppressor T cell

A

down regulate antibody for self antigen; so your body does not attack itself

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17
Q

Cytokines do what to macrophages

A

enhance killing power of macrophage

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18
Q

Active immunity requires?

A
  • exposure to antigen
  • Attenuated or inactivate antigen for vaccine then the human will make antibody specific to the antigen; this first exposure makes memory cells for the antigen to help boost antibody production faster when exposed to pathogen.
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19
Q

Passive Immunity is obtained

A

when breast fed getting IgA passively which is an antibody and not the antigen, so cannot make memory cells

or when artificially it fades within 4-6 months USED FOR IMMUNOSUPPRESSED PEOPLE

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20
Q

CMV, HepB, RhGAM (baby and mother difference), Tetanus, Rabies are examples of diseases that need what pharmacologic intervention.

A

immunoglobulins

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21
Q

Passive immunity

A

only good for 4-6 months

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22
Q

MMR is an example of what type of vaccine

A

Active

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23
Q

inactivated vaccine examples

A

polio
influenza
HepA

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24
Q

HibTITER requires how many shots?

A

4 series

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25
Q

HepB vaccine

A

Recombivax HD, 3 Shots

26
Q

MMR is a live vaccine and requires how many shots

A

2 shots at 15 months and age 4-6

27
Q

Poliovirus

A

inactivated (IPOL) 4th does is final should be after 4th birthday

28
Q

Influenza vaccine during the first requires what which is unusual when compared to adults?

A

two shots

29
Q

hepatitis B schedule

A

schedule birth 2 months and 6 months

30
Q

interferon and prototype drugs

A

goes to the neighboring uninfected cells and signal them to secrete antiviral protein

a. interferon alpha 2a
b. interferon beta
c. interleukins

31
Q

interferon alpha Tx requires what schedules

A

3x/wk can be used to treat cancers, non-hodgkins, or malignant melanoma

AE - hepatoxicity

32
Q

immunosuppressant you want to give

A

to transplant patients

33
Q

Transplant rejection often occurs because

A

cell-mediated response T-cells usually takes a few months

an acute response then it is not coming from T cells

34
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

anti-inflammatory responses suppress histamine and prostaglandins
can inhibit immune system to reduce inflammation
Primarily used short term 4-10 days, ex prednisone
Long term treatment: if someone has an inflammatory disease then give low doses some doctors ALTERNATE DOSES small one day larger the next

35
Q

Prednisone

A 
AE - **cushings syndrome** with long term use, hyperglycemia and easily bruise; **mood changes**; **osteoporosis**
Long term (and sometime short term) therapy very important to taper the PT down otherwise the adrenal cortex will not be ready because it is not making it due to negative feedback.
Addison disease if don't taper (cortisol insufficiency)
36
Q

antibodies drugs

A

to provide passive immunity

Targets human T-cell

37
Q

Antimetabolites

A

ex: cytoxan, Rheumatrex

AE bone marrow suppression

38
Q

calcineurin inhibitors

A

HTN, hepatoxicity, and nephrotoxicity (must monitor this)

39
Q

cyclosporin lab values to check

A

assess for serum creatinine (due to renal insufficiency)

40
Q

Pathogens include

A

bacteria, virus, fungi, or multicellular organisms

41
Q

what do you have to use to fight fungal infections

A

antifungal

42
Q

to cause infection pathogens must bypass

A

first and second lines

43
Q

Virulence

A

potency of virus; disease producing potential

in small numbers can cause disease then highly virulent

44
Q

two ways cause disease

A

invasiveness

toxin production

45
Q

basic shapes of bacteria

A

bacilli
cocci
spirilla

46
Q

gram positive

A

THICK CELL WALL, stain shows purple color

ex bacteria: staphylococci, streptococci, entercocci

47
Q

anti-infective drugs

A

antibacterial, antimicrobic, and antiviral

48
Q

if a drug destroys bacteria then we call it

A

bacterialcidal

49
Q

if the drug growth of bacteria then we call it

A

bacteriostatic

50
Q

Major pharmacological classification of antibiotics

A 
7 major:
penicillin
cephallosporin
aminoglycoside - protein synthesis inhibitor
macrolide
tetracycline
fluoroquinolone
51
Q

mechanisms of action of antibiotics

A

cell-wall inhibitor, protein synthesis inhibitor, folic acid inhibitor

52
Q

penicillin

A

cell wall inhibitor
gram positive bacteria
Tx syphillis/gonorrhea

53
Q

Cephalosporin

A

cell wall inhibitor: gram positive and gram negative

54
Q

aminoglycoside

A

protein synthesis inhibitor

Gram negative aerobics

55
Q

macrolide high dose

A

protein synthesis

gram positive and negative

56
Q

fluoroquiniolone

A

DNA synth inhibitor

Gram positive and negative

57
Q

sulfaonamidea

A

anti-metabolites, especially inhibits folic acid

58
Q

Bacteriostatic

A

Tetracycline: protein synthesis inhibitor; G (+) G(-); Tx for chlamydia
Macrolide low dose: protein synthesis inhibitor; G(+) and G(-)

59
Q

penicillin AE

A

diarrhea, nausea, vomitting

60
Q

three major beta-lactamase inhibitors

A

Clavulanate
Sulbactam
Tazobactam

61
Q

Cephalosporin drugs

A

inhibit bacterial cell-wall synthesis

Primary use: both gram positive as well as gram-negative organisms for serious infections of lower respiratory tract, central nervous system, genitourinary system (gonorrhea treatment), bones, blood, and joints

Prototype drug: cefotaxime (Claforan)

Adverse effects: hypersensitivity, anaphylaxis, diarrhea, vomiting, nausea, pain at injection site, pseudomonas colitis, nephrotoxicity

Contraindication: who experiencing allergy reaction to PCN

Nursing N368 Pharmacology I (16 decks)

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